Clostridium butylicum

Type of material Clostridium felsineum Clostridium butylicum ... 

Koepsell and Johnson, and Koepsell, Johnson and Meek have reported a similar reaction obtained with an extract prepared from Clostridium butylicum. In this system pyruvate is converted to acetate, CO2 and hydrogen (Fig. 3). Formate is not oxidized by this enz3une system. In addition to supporting evidence by Lipmann and Tuttle, Wilson, Krampitz and Workman have established the validity of this reaction with C 02- The isotopic CO2 was found to exchange rapidly with the carboxyl group of pyruvate in the same system. 

Chen C-K, Blaschek H (1999b) Effect of acetate on molecular and physiological aspects of Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 solvent production and strain degeneration. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 499-505 Chen J-S, Hiu SF (1986) Acetone-butanol-isopropanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii (synonym, Clostridium butylicum). Biotechnol Lett 8 371-376... 

George HA, Johnson JL, Moore WEC, Holdeman L Chen J-S (1983) Acetone, isopropanol, and butanol production by Clostridium be erinddi (syn. Clostridium butylicum) and Clostridium aurantibutyricum. Appl Environ Microbiol 45 1160-1163... 

Hiu SF, Zhu C-X, Yan R-T, Chen J-S (1987) Butanol-ethanol dehydrogenase and butanol-ethanol-isopropanol dehydrogenase different alcohol dehydrogenases in two strains of Clostridium beijerinckii (Clostridium butylicum). Appl Environ Microbiol 53 697—703... 

Korkhin Y, Kalb (Gilboa) AJ, Peretz M, Bogin O, Burstein Y, Erolow F (1998) NADP-dependent bacterial alcohol dehydrogenases crystal structure, cofec-tor-binding and cofactor specificity of the ADHs of Clostridium beijerinckii and Thermoanaerobacter brockii J Molec Biol 278 67—981 Kutzenok A, Aschner M (1952) Degenerative proasses in a strain of Clostridium butylicum. J Bacteriol 64 829-836... 

C5Tildn MA, Delwiche EA (1958) Metabolism of pentoses by Clostridia. 1. Enzymes of ribose dissimilation in extracts of Clostridium perfringens. J Bacteriol 75(3) 331-4 Cynkin MA, Gibbs M (1958) Metabolism of pentoses by Clostridia. 11. The fermentation of C14-labeled pentoses by Clostridium perfringens, Ciostridium beijerinckii, and Clostridium butylicum. J Bacteriol 75(3) 335-8... 

Tran, H. M. T, Cheirsilp, B., Hodgson, B., Umsakul, K. (2010). Potential use of Bacillussubtilis in a co-culture with Clostridium butylicum for acetone-butanol-ethanol production from cassava starch. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 48,260-267. 

Synthesis of riboflavin by isolated bacteria has also been studied. It was found to be synthesized by the lactic acid bacillus (73), strains of dysentery bacilli (61) and diphtherial organisms (62), E. coli, B. aerogenes, A. fecalis, B. vulgatus, B. mesentericus, B. vulgaris (60), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus vulgaris, Clostridium butylicum (65). 

The common bacteria that have been shown to synthesize this vitamin are Pseudomas fiuorescens, Proteus vulgaris and Clostridium butylicum (65). 

Shortly after the identification of pantothenic acid with the chick antidermatitis factor (96) and as a necessary vitamin for the rat (97), evidence for its synthesis was reported in the rumen of ewes (49), cows (68), and calves (51). This synthesis is evidently appreciable since the pantothenic acid output in milk alone was about twice the intake (68). Pseudomonas fiuorescens, Proteus vulgaris, and Clostridium butylicum were found to synthesize pantothenic acid in a pure medium (65). 

The first organism employed primarily for riboflavin production was Clostridium aceto-butylicum, the anaerobic bacterium used for the microbial production of acetone and butanol. Riboflavin was purely a byproduct and was found in the dried stillage residues in amounts ranging from 40 to 70 xg/g of dried fermentation solids. Later investigations disclosed that riboflavin could be produced by yeast such as Candida flareri or C. guillier-mondi, and the yield was as high as 200 mg/L. 

Fermentation has been used in the production of foods and drinks since the days of antiquity. A recent application is the large-scale production of yogurt. Before the advent of cheap petroleum, a variety of other commodity chemicals were produced by fermentation. Acetone and n-butyl alcohol were produced by Clostridium aceto-butylicum.17 Ethanol, which was all made from fermentation, is now made in part by the hydration of ethylene. Acetic acid is now made largely by the carbonylation of methanol (9.2) using a rhodium catalyst in the presence of iodide ion.18... 

Microorganism and Culture Conditions. Clostridium aceto-butylicum strain ATCC 824 was used in this study. Maintenance cultures were grown in corn mash medium for 72 hours at 37 C and then refrigerated at 4 to 5 C. The corn mash medium consisted of 5% (w/v) corn meal with 0.05% cysteine added to ensure for anaerobic conditions. The media was boiled with the appropriate volume of distilled water for one hour. The mash was then distributed into screw cap tubes (16 x 125 mm) and autoclaved for 15 minutes at 121 C. 

Clostridium (pasteurianum, butyricum, butylicum, kluyverii tetanomorphum, and others) Desulfotomaculum, Desulfovibrio Chromatium, Chlorobium, (P)... 

D.Y., and Lee, S.Y. (2012) Enhanced butanol production obtained by reinforcing the direct butanolforming route in Clostridium aceto-butylicum. mBio, 3 (5), e00314-12. doi 10.1128/mBio.00314-12... 

Hartmanis MGN, Gatenbeck S. (1984). Intermediary metabolism in Clostridium aceto-butylicum levels of enzymes involved in the formation of acetate and butyrate. Appl Environ Microbiol, 47, 1277-1283. 

Eremothecium ashbyi, Ashbya gossypii, yeast Candida famata, and bacteria Clostridium aceto-butylicum and B. subtilis. Out of this, A.gossypii and B. subtilis are mainly used for commercial level production of riboflavin, which took over the established chemical synthesis during the last two decades7 ... 

George HA, Chen J-S (1983) Acidic conditions are not obligatory for onset of butanol formation by Clostridium be erinddi (synonym, C. butylicum). Appl Environ Microbiol 46 321—327... 

Huang, K.X., Rudolph, F.B., Bennett, G.N., 1999. Characterization of methylglyoxal synthase from Clostridium aceto-butylicum ATCC 824 and its use in the formation of 1,2-propanediol. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65,3244-3247. 

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