Methylglyoxal synthase

The rather toxic methylglyoxal is formed in many organisms and within human tissues.174 It arises in part as a side reaction of triose phosphate isomerase (Eq. 13-28) and also from oxidation of acetone (Eq. 17-7) or aminoacetone, a metabolite of threonine (Chapter 24).175 In addition, yeast and some bacteria, including E. coli, have a methylglyoxal synthase that converts dihydroxyacetone to methylglyoxal, apparently using a mechanism similar to that of triose phosphate isomerase. It presumably forms enediolate 2 of Eq. 13-26, which eliminates inorganic phosphate to yield methyl-... 

Ray, S., and Ray, M. 1981. Isolation of methylglyoxal synthase from goat liver. J Biol Chem 256 6230-6233. 

Alanine was overproduced by knockout of lactate dehydrogenase (IdhA) and replacement with alanine dehydrogenase. Additionally, methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA) was deleted to reduce lactate, and alanine racemase (dadX) was removed to prevent conversion between L- and D-alanine. The final titer was 120 g 1 with yield 0.95 g (g glc) [44]. 

Yomano LP, York SW, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO. (2009). Deletion of methylglyoxal synthase gene (mgsA) increased sugar cometabohsm in ethanol-producing Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett, 31, 1389-1398. 

Huang K-X, Rudolph FB, Bennett GN (1999) Characterization of methylglyoxal synthase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and its use in the formation of 1,2-propanediol. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 3244-3247 Huang K-X, Huang S, Rudolph FB, Bennett GN (2000) Identification and characterization of a second butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. J Molec Microbiol Biotechnol 2 33-38 Husemann M, Papoutsakis ET (1986) Effect of acetoacetate, butyrate, and uncoupling ionophores on growth and product formation of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol Lett 8 37-42... 

D. Saadat and D.H.T. Harrison, Identification of catalytic bases in the active site of Escherichia coli methylglyoxal synthase Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of conserved aspartic acid residues, Biochem., 37 (1998) 10074. 

Cooper, R.A., 1974. Methylglyoxal formation during glucose catabolism by Pseudomonas saccharophila. Identification of methylglyoxal synthase. European Journal of Biochemistry 44, 81-86. 

Hopper, D.J., Cooper, R.A., 1972. The purification and properties of Escherichia coli methylglyoxal synthase. Biochemical Journal 128,321-329. 

Huang, K.X., Rudolph, F.B., Bennett, G.N., 1999. Characterization of methylglyoxal synthase from Clostridium aceto-butylicum ATCC 824 and its use in the formation of 1,2-propanediol. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65,3244-3247. 

Murata, K., Fukuda, Y., Watanabe, K., et al., 1985. Characterization of methylglyoxal synthase in Saccharomyces cere-visiae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 131,190-198. 

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