Clostridium acetobutylicum butanol production

Cai X, Bennett GN. Improving the Clostridium acetobutylicum butanol fermentation by engineering the strain for co-production of riboflavin. Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011 38 1013-25. 

Inui M et al (2008) Expression of Clostridium acetobutylicum butanol synthetic genes in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77(6) 1305-16 Isar J, Rangaswamy V (2012) Improved n-hutanol production by solvent tolerant Clostridium beijerinckii. Biomass Bioenergy 37 9-15... 

The earhest commercial process to 1-butanol, still practiced extensively in many Third World countries, employs fermentation of molasses or corn products with Clostridium acetobutylicum (11—13). Acetone and ethanol are obtained as coproducts. 

Batch reactor Production of acetone and butanol from glucose Clostridium acetobutylicum 129... 

Kim, B. H. Bellows, P. Datta, R., and Zeikus, J. G., Control of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentations Utilization of carbon monoxide to inhibit hydrogen production and to enhance butanol yields. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1984. 48 pp. 764-770. 

Mollah, A. H., and Stuckey, D. C., Maximizing the Production of Acetone-Butanol in an Alginate Bead Fluidized Bed Reactor Using Clostridium acetobutylicum, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 56 83 (1993)... 

Weizmann A process for producing acetone and //-butanol by the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria isolated from soil or cereals. Later work has shown that effective bacteria are Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus granulobacter pectinorum. Used in Britain in World War I for the manufacture of acetone, needed for the production of cordite. Subsequently operated by Commercial Solvents Corporation in Terre Haute, IN, and in two plants in Canada. Later abandoned in favor of synthetic processes. Invented by C. Weizmann in the University of Manchester in 1915, based on earlier work at the Pastern Institute by A. Fembach and E. H. Strange (hence the alternative name Fembach-Strange-Weizmann). The money that Weizmann obtained from royalties on this process was used in founding the State of Israel, of which he was the first president. 

Microorganisms have also been developed to produce alternative products, such as lactic acid [65], propane-1,3-diol [67], 3-hydroxypropionic acid [68], butane-2,3-diol [69] and numerous other intermediates. For instance, bacteria such as the Clostridium acetobutylicum ferment free sugars to C4 oxygenates such as butyric acid or butanol. They form the C4 oxygenates by Aldol condensation of the acetaldehyde intermediates. The Weizmann process exploits this property to ferment starch feedstock anaerobically at 37 °C to produce a mixture of w-butanol, acetone and ethanol in a volume ratio of 70 25 5 [3],... 

Whey permeate may also be fermented anaerobically to fuel gas. Studies have also been reported on the production of ammonium lactate by continuous fermentation of deproteinized whey to lactic acid followed by neutralization with ammonia. Conversion of whey and whey permeate to oil and single-cell protein with strains of Candida curvata and Trichosporon cutaneum have been examined. Production of the solvents n-butanol and acetone by Clostridium acetobutylicum or C. butyricum is under investigation in New Zealand. Whey permeate also has potential for citric acid and acrylic acid manufacture. Extracellular microbial polysaccharide production from whey permeate has... 

In 1999, the domestic demand for butanol was 841,000 metric t and it is projected to increase 3% per year (49). During the early twentieth century, the primary method of butanol production was anaerobic fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce a mixture of acetone, butanol, and ethanol. The butanol yields were low, and as oil prices declined after World War II, petrochemical routes to butanol displaced the fermentation route (50). The primary petrochemical route used today involves the hydrogenation of n-butyraldehyde (49), and production costs hover around 0.66/kg (24). 

Continuous Production of Butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum Immobilized in a Fibrous Bed Bioreactor... 

We explored the influence of dilution rate and pH in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. A 200-mL fibrous bed bioreactor was used to produce high cell density and butyrate concentrations at pH 5.4 and 35°C. By feeding glucose and butyrate as a cosubstrate, the fermentation was maintained in the solventogenesis phase, and the optimal butanol productivity of 4.6 g/(L h) and a yield of 0.42 g/g were obtained at a dilution rate of 0.9 h1 and pH 4.3. Compared to the conventional acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation, the new fermentation process greatly improved butanol yield, making butanol production from corn an attractive alternative to ethanol fermentation. 

Species of Clostridium have been used on a very large scale for the production of industrial solvents such as acetone and butanol. Many clostridia ferment sugars with the formation of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and butyric acid. Some of them convert butyric acid to butanol and the acetic acid to ethanol and acetone. The acetone-butanol process by Clostridium acetobutylicum expanded after its introduction just before World War I. Although the industry has now been almost totally replaced by the synthetic production from oil, it may again be of interest for the production of renewable monomers. 

Qureshi, N., Li, X.L., Hughes, S., Saha, B.C. and Cotta, M.A. 2006. Butanol Production from Corn Fiber Xylan Using Clostridium Acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Prog., 22,673-680. Rass-Hansen, J., Falsig, H., Joergensen, B. and Christensen, C.H. 2007. Bioethanol Fuel or Feedstock J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82, 329-333. 

A process for the production of a mixture of butanol, acetone, and ethanol from sugar-yielding plants, especially Jerusalem artichoke and sugar beet, is described. The process comprises two stages (1) seeding with Clostridium acetobutylicum and (2) seeding with a yeast that produces ethanol. 

Afschar, A. S., Schaller, K., and Schugerl, K. 1986. Continuous production of acetone and butanol with shear-activated Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Microbiol. Bio-technol.,23,315-322. 

An effective variant of the gas injection EOR procedure is the proposal to inject molasses or some other low-cost fermentable material plus a species of bacterium, such as Clostridium acetobutylicum into the formation [21]. Eer-mentation products, such as acetone, butanol, and lower molecular weight acids are produced. These and the carbon dioxide also produced can augment production by 200-250%. 

Clostridium acetobutylicum Acetone and butanol production Overexpression of acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc) and phosphotransbutyrylase (ptb) by introducing a Bacillus subtilis/C acetobutylicum shutde vector into C. acetobutylicum by an improved electrotransformation protocol, which resulted in acetone and butanol formation 88... 

The inhibitory effect of each fermentation product on the cell growth rate and the kinetics of product formation was studied for the acetone-butanol fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Inhibition of cell growth was studied by challenging cultures with varying concentrations of each product. There was a threshold concentration which must be reached before growth inhibition occurred. This concentration was found to vary with each inhibitor. Above the threshold concentration, there was a linear decrease of the growth rate with an increase in product concentration. 

Dusseaux, S., Croux, C., Soucaille, P., and Meynial-Salles, I. (2013) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 for the high-yield production of a biofuel composed of an isopropanol/butanol/ethanol mixture. Metab. Eng., 18, 1-8. 

Mermelstein, L.D., Papoutsakis, E.T., Petersen, D.J., and Bennett, G.N. (1993) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 for increased solvent production by enhancement of acetone formation enzyme activities using a synthetic acetone operon. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42, 1053—1060. Qureshi, N., Li, X.-L., Hughes, S, Saha, B.C. et al. (2006) Butanol production from com fiber xylan using Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Progr, 22, 673 -680. 

Clostridium acetobutylicum Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) Algal biomass was converted into biofuel. Different algal species gave different product profiles [6]... 

Haggstrom L, Enfors SO (1982) Continuous production of butanol with immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 7 35-37... 

FIGURE 9.2 Physiology of ABE fermentation metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum with the respective enzymes and products. CoA, coenzyme A Ldh, lactate dehydrogenase Pdc, pyruvate decarboxylase Pfor, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase Fdred, ferredoxin reduced Thl, thiolase Hbd, p-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Crt, crotonase Bed, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Etf, electron transfer flavoprotein Pta, phosphotransacetylase Ack, acetate kinase Ptb, phosphotransbutyrylase Buk, butyrate kinase Ctf A/B, acetoacetyl-CoA acyl-CoA transferase Adc, acetoacetate decarboxylase AdhE, aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase Bdh, butanol dehydrogenase. 

Alsaker KV, Paredes C, Papoutsakis ET. (2010). Metabolite stress and tolerance in the production of biofuels and chemicals gene-expression-based systems analysis of butanol, butyrate, and acetate stresses in the anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol Bioeng, 105, 1131-1147. 

Lin YL, Blaschek HP. (1983). Butanol production by a butanol-tolerant strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in extruded com broth. Appl Environ Microbiol, 45, 966-973. 

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