Butyrate kinase

Hartmanis, M.G.N. Butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 617-621 (1987)... 

Ballongue, J. Amine, J. Petitdemange, H. Gay, R. Regulation of acetate kinase and butyrate kinase by acids in Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 35, 295-301 (1986)... 

Cary, J.W. Petersen, D.J. Papoutsakis, E.T. Bennett, G.N. Cloning and expression of Clostridium acetobutylicum phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 170, 4613-4618 (1988)... 

Huang, K.X. Rudolph, F.B. Bennett, G.N. Identification and characterization of a second butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2, 33-38 (2000)... 

Liu, S.J. Steinbuchel, A. Exploitation of butyrate kinase and phosphotransbutyrylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum for the in vitro biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 53, 545-552 (2000)... 

Enzymes involved in the biphasic acid and solvent production are shown in Figure 9.1. The respective enzymes for acid production (starting from acetyl-CoA) are phosphotransacetylase (Pta) and acetate kinase (Ack) for acetate, thiolase (ThlA), 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Hbd), crotonase (Crt), butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Bed) coupled to a pair of electron-transferring flavoproteins (EtfA, EtfB), phosphotransbutyrulase (Ptb), and butyrate kinase... 

Figure 9.1 Metabolism and products of sol-ventogenic bacteria. Ack, acetate kinase Adc, acetoacetate decarboxylase AdhE, AdhE2, aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase BdhA, BdhB, alcohol dehydrogenase Bed, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Buk, butyrate kinase Crt, crotonase CtfA/B, CoA transferase EtfA/B, electron-transfer flavoproteins...

A different approach for the production of polythioesters involved the use of recombinant strains of E. coli expressing the genetic information required for a non-natural genetically engineered pathway (BPEC), which includes the genes buk, ptb and phaEC, encoding a butyrate kinase (buk) and a phosphotransbutyrylase... 

FIGURE 9.2 Physiology of ABE fermentation metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum with the respective enzymes and products. CoA, coenzyme A Ldh, lactate dehydrogenase Pdc, pyruvate decarboxylase Pfor, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase Fdred, ferredoxin reduced Thl, thiolase Hbd, p-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Crt, crotonase Bed, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Etf, electron transfer flavoprotein Pta, phosphotransacetylase Ack, acetate kinase Ptb, phosphotransbutyrylase Buk, butyrate kinase Ctf A/B, acetoacetyl-CoA acyl-CoA transferase Adc, acetoacetate decarboxylase AdhE, aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase Bdh, butanol dehydrogenase. 

Phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB enzyme 8 inO Fig. 2.1) catalyzes the conversion between butyryl-GoA and butyryl phosphate, whereas butyrate kinase (BK enzyme 9 in O Fig. 2.1) catalyzes tbe conversion between butyryl phosphate and butyrate and ATP (Cben 1993). PTB and BK are thus key enzymes for the formation of butyric add. Theoretically, PTB and BK can catalyze the ATP-dependent reutflization of preformed butyrate for solvent production (Husemann and PapoutsaHs 1989), but direct evidence for any significant role played by PTB and BK in this respect is still lacking. 

Both butyrate kinases of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 have been purified. The first butyrate kinase (BK-I) was purified from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (Hartmanis 1987), whereas the second was purified from a recombinant E. coli expressing BK-II (Huang et al. 2000). The kinetic properties of BK-I (native MW 85 kDa) were measured in the acyl phosphate-forming... 

Phosphotransacetylase (PTA enzyme 10 in O Fig. 2.1) and acetate kinase (AK enzyme 11 in O Fig. 2.1) catalyze consecutive reactions analogous to those catalyzed, respectively, by phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and butyrate kinase (BK). Thus, PTA catalyzes the conversion between acetyl-CoA and acetyl phosphate, and AK catalyzes the conversion between acetyl phosphate and acetate and ATP (Chen 1993). The two enzymes PTA and AK are potentially involved in ATP-dependent reutilization of preformed acetate during solvent production however, like the situation involving PTB and BK, direct evidence in support of such a role is lacking. 

Harris LM, Desai RP, Welker NE, Papoutsakis ET (2000) Characterization of rembinant strains of the Clostridium acetobutylicum butyrate kinase inactivation mutant need for new phenomenological models for solventogenesis and butanol inhibition Biotechnol Bioengin 67 1—11 Harris LM, Welker NE, Papoutsakis ET (2002) Northern, morphological, and fermentation analysis of spoOA inactivation and overexpression in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. J Bacteriol 184 3586-3597 Hartmanis MGN (1987) Butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Biol Chem 262 617-621... 

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