Trichosporon cutaneum

Analogous ring fission reactions have also been found in stndies on the metabolism of other aromatic compounds by the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum whose metabolic versatility is indeed comparable with that of bacteria. Examples inclnde the degradation of... 

Anderson JJ, S Dagley (1981a) Catabolism of aromatic acids in Trichosporon cutaneum. J Bacterial 141 534-543. 

Gaal A, HY Neujahr (1979) Metabolism of phenol and resorcinol in Trichosporon cutaneum. J Bacteriol 137 13-21. 

Anthranilate —> 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate in Trichosporon cutaneum (Figure 3.10c) (Powlowski et al. 1987). 

Powlowski J, S Dagley, V Massey, DP Ballou (1987) Properties of anthranilate hydroxylase (deaminating), a flavoprotein from Trichosporon cutaneum. J Biol Chem 262 69-74. 

Shoda M, S Udaka (1980) Preferential utilizatiion of phenol rather than glucose by Trichosporon cutaneum possessing a partiality constitutive catechol 1,2-oxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 39 1129-1133. 

NMR was used to study the effect of pH on the hydroxylation of 3-fluorophenol by the hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum, and revealed that the ratio of products as well as the yield was pH-dependent (Peelen et al. 1993). 

Peelen S, IMCM Rietjens, WJH van Berkel, WAT van Workum, 1 Vervoort (1993) F-NMR study on the pH-dependent regioselectivity and rate of the ort/jo-hydroxylation of 3-fluorophenol hy phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum. Eur J Biochem 218 345-353. 

The metabolism of a range of fluorophenols containing up to five fluorine substituents was examined using phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum (Peelen et al. 1995). Fluorocatechols were formed, with loss of fluoride for some substrates. 

A strain of yeast and a strain of bacterium were co-immobilized to fabricate a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor based on sol-gel derived composite materials97. This novel type of biosensor was developed for water monitoring and was used to determine the BOD values of OECD synthetic wastewater, domestic wastewater, and lake waters. The microorganisms Trichosporon cutaneum and Bacillus subtilis were coimmobilized in the sol-gel composite material, which was composed of silica and the grafting copolymer of poly (vinyl alcohol) and 4-vinylpyridine (PVA-g-P(4-VP)). 

Georgieva N, Yotova L, Betcheva R et al (2006) Biobleaching of lignin in linen by degradation with Trichosporon cutaneum R57. J Univ Chem Technol Metall 41 153-156... 

Candida shehatae Cryptococcus Pichia stipitis Trichosporon cutaneum... 

Xylanolytic systems of yeasts and fungi can also be induced by positional isomers of xylobiose. Induction with Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xyl/7 is analogous to the sophorose induction of cellulase in filamentous fungi (76). Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xyl/7 and Xylp-p-(l- 3)-Xyl/7 induced xylanase in C. albidus (77), Trichosporon cutaneum (73), A. pullulans (78) and A. terreus (Hrmova, M. et al., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, submitted for publication, 1990). In C. albidus the positional isomers behave differently than does xylobiose (77), in that the response of the cells to them was slower but the enzyme yields were higher than in the presence of xylobiose. This in-icated that isomeric xylobioses were not direct inducers. In agreement with this idea, both Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xylp and Xylp-p-(l- 3)-Xylp were transformed to Xyl/7-p-(l- 4)-Xyl/7, the natural inducer (79). 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most widely determined parameters in managing organic pollution. The conventional BOD test includes a 5-day incubation period, so a more expeditious and reproducible method for assessment of this parameter is required. Trichosporon cutaneum, a microorganism formerly used in waste water treatment, has also been employed to construct a BOD biosensor. The dynamic system where the sensor was implemented consisted of a 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7 saturated with dissolved oxygen which was transferred to a flow-cell at a rate of 1 mL/min. When the current reached a steady-state value, a sample was injected into the flow-cell at 0.2 mL/min. The steady-state current was found to be dependent on the BOD of the sample solution. After the sample was flushed from the flow-cell, the current of the microbial sensor gradually returned to its initial level. The response time of microbial sensors depends on the nature of the sample solution concerned. A linear relationship was foimd between the current difference (i.e. that between the initial and final steady-state currents) and the 5-day BOD assay of the standard solution up to 60 mg/L. The minimum measurable BOD was 3 mg/L. The current was reproducible within 6% of the relative error when a BOD of 40 mg/L was used over 10 experiments [128]. 

Trichosporon cutaneum (beigelii) BOD-2000 (Nishin Electric Co, Tokyo) 3-60 20-40 6 40 [40,41]... 

Arxula adeninvorans Issatchenkia orientalis Candida lactiscondensi Rhodococcus erythropolis Pseudomonas putida Alcaligenes sp. Trichosporon cutaneum ... 

Trichosporon cutaneum [89]. The principle of this method is based on the measurement of the rapid alteration (or acceleration) of respiration after addition of ammonium ions in the presence of glucose. The physiological background of this principle is probably the uptake of ammonium ions in connection with the respiration process. Finally, the combination of nitrifying bacteria with urease on a hybrid sensor also allows an amperometric determination of urea [93]. 

Domestic wastewater contains a large amount of detergents, especially anionic surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). A sensitive biosensor containing Trichosporon cutaneum has been developed in Japan and used to monitor river water [128,129]. With this sensor a detection limit of 0.2 mg 1" LAS has been reached. 

Whey permeate may also be fermented anaerobically to fuel gas. Studies have also been reported on the production of ammonium lactate by continuous fermentation of deproteinized whey to lactic acid followed by neutralization with ammonia. Conversion of whey and whey permeate to oil and single-cell protein with strains of Candida curvata and Trichosporon cutaneum have been examined. Production of the solvents n-butanol and acetone by Clostridium acetobutylicum or C. butyricum is under investigation in New Zealand. Whey permeate also has potential for citric acid and acrylic acid manufacture. Extracellular microbial polysaccharide production from whey permeate has... 

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Thermophilic organisms 86,87,88,89 90... 

A second sensor employed Trichosporon cutaneum. which was utilized for wastewater treatment (19), The steady-state current depended on the BOD of the sample solution. A... 

Bacillus subtilis spores Trichosporon cutaneum Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Newcastle disease, Brucella melitensis Nephridium cells... 

Neujahr HY, Varga JM. 1970. Degradation of phenols by intact cells and cell free preparation of Trichosporon cutaneum. Eur J Biochem 13 37-44. 

Li et al. [37-39] described the use of the bacterial species Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis entrapped between a polycarbonate membrane and a Teflon-covered DO probe. The differences between the steady-state signals before and after exposure to the test samples were used as a measure of the sample BOD levels. Riedel et al. [32-33] described the use of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum, or both T. cutaneum and B. subtilis, sandwiched between a dialysis membrane and a polyethylene-covered DO probe. In these cases, the sensor response times were speeded up by measuring the initial rates of change of the signals. In this way, measurements could be made within 30 s rather than within 15-20 min for the steady-state approach [33]. 

Yeasts of the genus Trichosporon can also be sub-classified into three groups according to their polysaccharide components. Whereas a-D-linked D-galactomannans occur as cell components of Trichosporon fermentans, Trichosporon hellenicum, and Trichosporon penicillatum, pentosylmannans are formed by Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon pullulans, Trichosporon undulatum, and Trichosporon sericeum. Trichosporon aculateum, on... 

Pseudomonas putida (grown on toluene) Trichosporon cutaneum Arthrobacter sp. 

Arthrobacter sp. 1395 Trichosporon cutaneum Cunninghamella elegans Oscillatoria sp. 

The high affinity of Con A for cell surface oligosaccharides has also facilitated the immobilization of various cells including those of yeast [131], red blood cells [126, 128] and Trichosporon cutaneum [132]. An early study has also described the co-immobilization of enzymes and living cells using Con A [133]. More recently Habibi-Rezaei and Nemat-Gorgani [134] immobilized submitochondrial particles prepared from beef liver mitochondria on Con A support for continuous catalytic transformations involving succinate-cytochrome c reductase. 

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