Chromium, serum, determination

Pekarek, R. S. and Hauer, E. C. "Direct Determination of Serum Chromium and Nickel by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a Heated Graphite Furnace". Fed. Proc. 

Feldman and co-workers117) described a procedure for determining as little as 10 ppb of chromium in serum. The normal level is 30 ppb. At least 2 ml of serum are digested or dry ashed and treated with not permanganate to oxidize chromium to chromium(VI). The chromium(VI) is extracted from 3M HC1 into 5 ml MIBK in the cold. This method has been used to measure chromium levels in studies relating this element to diabetes. Thousands of analyses have been performed. Devoto (198) dry ashed 10 ml of blood and extracted the chromium with 5 ml of 10 % tributyl phosphate in MIBK. Recently, Feldman 119) has determined... 

An accurate determination of copper and zinc traces in human serum samples from the International Measurement Evaluation Programme-17 launched by IRMM (Geel) has been made by isotope dilution TIMS.38 An analytical method for the multi-element determination of metals (Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni and Mo) potentially released from dental implants and prostheses into human body fluids (in blood and urine) by ICP-MS (double-focusing sector field instrument and quadrupole instrument with octopole collision cell) for medical studies was developed in Sanz-Medel s group.39 The Cr and Co concentrations found in blood samples of patients with chromium-cobalt based alloy varied in the sub-p,gl 1 range and were not significantly higher than the basal levels found by other authors.40... 

Savory et al. [635] determined chromium in serum. The sample was wet ashed by treatment with sulphuric, nitric and perchloric acids. Finally, the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with a buffer and chelation was effected with a dilute solution of trifluoroacetylacetone at 70°C. The analysis was carried out on 5% of QF-1 on Chromosorb W with the use of a 63Ni ECD. Booth and Darby [636] applied a very similar procedure to soft tissues and serum. They performed the chelation reaction also at 70°C for 1 h. Recoveries of chromium in serum and liver homogenates were 94 and 88—104%, respectively. Ross and Shafik... 

Black, M. S., Sievers, R. E. Determination of chromium in human blood serum by gas-chromatography with a microwave-excited emission detector. Anal. Chem. 48, 1872 (1976)... 

Glucose Intolerance in the Elderly. Glucose intolerance is age related and chromium supplementation trials in the elderly have been conducted with variable results. The inabihty to determine which of the elderly trial subjects was initially chromium depleted makes it difficult to interpret the findings. If the observations can be confirmed and there is an age-related decrease in the chromium concentration in hair, sweat, and blood serum, then there is a necessity for further studies in the elderly. ... 

Schermeier AJ, O Coimor LH, Pearson KH. Semi-automated determination of chromium in whole blood and serum by Zeeman electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Chem Acta 1985 152 123-34. 

The first requirement can be easily fulfilled by the preconcentration of the analyte before the analysis. Preconcentration has been applied to sample preparation for flame atomic absorption (25) and, more recently, for ICP (79,80) spectroscopy. However, preconcentration is not completely satisfactory, because of the increased analysis time (which may be critical in clinical analysis) and the increased chance of contamination or sample loss. Most important, however, a larger initial sample size is necessary. The apparent solution is a more sensitive technique. Table 2 lists concentrations of various metals in whole blood or serum (81,82) in comparison to limits of detection for the various atomic spectroscopy techniques. In many cases, especially for the toxic heavy metals, only flameless atomic absorption using a graphite furnace can provide the necessary sensitivity and accommodate a sample of only a few microliters (Table 1). The determination of therapeutic gold in urine and serum (83,84), chromium in serum (85), skin (86) and liver (87), copper in semen (88), arsenic in urine (89), manganese in animal tissues (90), and lead in blood (91) are but a few examples in analyses which have utilized the flameless atomic absorption technique. 

Veesieck j, Hoste J, Barbier F, Steyaert H, De Rudder J and Mighels H (1978) Determination of chromium and cobalt in human serum by neutron activation analysis. Clin Chem 24 303-308. 

Kumpulainen, J., Lehto, J., Koivistoinen, P, Uusitupa, M. and Vuori, E. (1983). Determination of chromium in human milk, serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry without preliminary ashing. Sci. Tot. Environ., 31, 71. 

Veillon, C., Patterson, K.Y. and Bryden, N.A. (1984). Determination of chromium in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 164, 67. 

Graf-Harsanyi, E. and Langmyhr, F.J. (1980). Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of the Total Content and Distribution of Chromium in Blood Serum. Anal. Chim. Acta. 116, 105. 

The levels of transition metals in biological samples such as blood serum are frequently important. Many determinations have been made of the levels of (for example) chromium in serum - with startling results. Different workers, all studying pooled serum samples from healthy subjects, have obtained chromium... 

A further check on the occurrence of systematic errors in a method is to compare the results with those obtained from a different method, if two unrelated methods are used to perform one analysis, and if they consistently yield results showing only random differences, it is a reasonable presumption that no significant systematic errors are present. For this approach to be valid, each step of the two experiments has to be independent. Thus in the case of serum chromium determinations, it would not be sufficient to replace the atomic-absorption spectrometry step by a colorimetric method or by plasma spectrometry. The systematic errors would only be revealed by altering the sampling methods also, e.g. by minimizing or eliminating the use of stainless-steel equipment. A further important point is that comparisons must be made over the whole of the concentration range for which an analytical procedure is... 

Quantitative gas chromatographic schemes now exist for the determination of beryllium in blood, urine, and tissue,chromium in serum," aluminum in uranium, aluminum, gallium, and indium, in aqueous solu-tions," iron in ore, chromium in steel, titanium in bauxite, aluminum, iron, and copper in alloys,uranium, tungsten and molybdenum in alloys and ores, " and the list continues to grow rapidly. In the ultratrace analysis of beryllium the lower limit of detectability is ca. 10 g. The gas... 

More recently there has been an explosion of interest in using collision/reac-tion cell/interface technology for the analysis of biomedical samples because of the benefits it brings to the determination of many of the toxologically and nutritionally significant elements snch as arsenic, selenium, chromium, iron, and copper. Traditionally, these elements have been very difficnlt to analyze by ICP-MS because of the spectral interferences derived from a combination of the matrix, solvent/acid, and plasma gas ions. This approach is allowing significant improvements in detection capability for both the total and speciated forms of these elements in biomedical-related samples, such as blood serum and tissue samples. 

In species-unspecific isotope dilution techniques, an isotopically enriched standard solution is added post-column, and the data evaluation is performed as described in Section 7.3.4 for CE coupling. Species-unspecific isotope dilution for HPLC coupling has been described for the determination of Cd, Cu and Zn in metallothioneins extracted from eel liver, while Fe, Cu and Zn were determined in proteins separated from human serum. This technique has also been applied to iodine determination in humic substances,as well as selenium speciation in human serum. Species-specific isotope dilution using HPLC-ICP-MS has been described for selenium analysis, the analysis of organotin species in sediments, methylmercury in fish tissue, trimethyllead in water, and chromium speciation. Overviews to this topic have been published, e.g. by Heumann and Hill. ... 

Iodine speciation has been successfully carried out using capillary electrophoresis coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The status of iodine species (such as thyroxine, triiodothyronine or iodide) in serum or urine can give information about the malfunction of the thyroid gland and can explain other metabolic abnormalities. Chromium speciation is not normally required in biological samples because the body converts all of the Cr + to Cr + and so the measurement of total chromium in blood and urine is referred to when in fact Cr + has been determined. Chromium speciation has been carried out in bacteria culture medium, which has used to convert Cr + to Cr ". ... 

Nixon, D. R.,Neubauer, K. R.,Eckdahl, S. J.,Butz, J. A., andBurritt,M. F. (2002) Evaluation of a tunable bandpass reaction cell for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for the determination of chromium and vanadium in serum and urine. Spectrochim. Acta B, 57, 951-66. 

---