Supplementation Trials

In men maintaining their habitual diet, the mean concentrations of urinary boron in samples obtained on two different occasions were 1.87 and 1.90 mg boron/day, respectively. Following 

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In order to get recent advances on the effects of phytoestrogens on hormonal-dependent diseases as well as on human supplementation trials, it might be useful to refer to http //www.venus-ca.org/ (EU-funded project on dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and related compounds and effects on skeletal tissues) http //www.phytos.org (EU-funded project on the prevention of osteoporosis by nutritional phytoestrogens) http //www.phytoprevent.org (EU-funded project on the role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of breast and prostate cancer) and http //www.nutrition.tum.de/isoheart.htm (EU-funded project on cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women). 

Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, and Nyland J (2004), Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration The Veterans LAST study (lutein antioxidant supplementation trial), Optometry 75 216-30. 

In a placebo-controlled randomized supplementation trial (approved by the ethic commission of Ethiopia) in the rural area (AZOZO) district of Gondar Ethiopia from 220 households, 161 children (2-5 years of age) were selected at random for the study at a first visit to the local clinic, nutritional assessment, and stool examination (parasites or ova) were performed (Biesalski et ah, 1999). 141 children with parasites were treated with mebendazole. Heparin blood was obtained for assessment of vitamin A, RBP, and TTR (transthyretine) concentrations. 

Andon, M. B., Lloyd, T. A., and Matkovic, V. (1994). Supplementation trials with calcium citrate malate Evidence in favor of increasing the calcium RDA during childhood and adolescence. J. Nutr. 124, 1412S-1417S. 

Gamble MV Folate and arsenic metabolism A double-blind, placebo-controlled folic acid supplementation trial in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 84 1093. [PMID 17093162]... 

Tire Chip Supplement Trials at Newberg, Oregon. January-March, 1987. 

Horizon Engineering. Stack Emission Test Report. Smurfit Newsprint s No. 10 Hogged Fuel Fired Boiler. Tire Chip Supplement Trials. Newberg, Oregon. May-July 1987. 

Negative outcomes in several supplementation trials of beta-carotene, especially the results of the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study (63) (SEDA-20, 363), have again revived discussion about the carcinogenic potential of beta-carotene. The ATBC trial showed that there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung cancer in heavy smokers who took beta-carotene. 

The assumption that remedying the carotenoid deficit would minimize the risks of cancer and heart disease associated with passive smoking has not been supported by several large randomized supplemention trials. In two major trials there was an increased incidence of cancer with beta-carotene supplementation in both smokers and asbestos workers. Of course, both high-risk groups might already have been in the early stages of cancer development at the start of the studies (63,64). 

In general, the negative outcomes of several supplementation trials and the lack of proof that carotenoids form the primary beneficial component of fruit and vegetables should serve as a warning against unregulated supplementation with these individual micronutrients, especially in view of the potential carcinogenic effect of carotenoids. 

To date, no garlic supplementation trial has been conducted exclusively using women as subjects. Hormonal changes during a woman s menstrual cycle have been shown to elevate cholesterol levels 7-14 days after the start of menstruation. Therefore, fasting blood samples must be taken 3 to 7 days after the start of menstruation in order to ensure accurate blood lipid readings. Previous studies that included women as subjects made no mention of controlling for menstrual variation. 

Glucose Intolerance in the Elderly. Glucose intolerance is age related and chromium supplementation trials in the elderly have been conducted with variable results. The inabihty to determine which of the elderly trial subjects was initially chromium depleted makes it difficult to interpret the findings. If the observations can be confirmed and there is an age-related decrease in the chromium concentration in hair, sweat, and blood serum, then there is a necessity for further studies in the elderly. ... 

Since the publication our of initial hypothesis (Hibbeln and Salem, 1995), a series of clinical studies have reported that depressed patients have low tissue concentrations of EPA and/or DHA, and several supplementation trials have reported improvements in depressive or symptoms in the affective spectrum. Although initial reports described elevated plasma concentrations of DHA among subjects with some mixture of depressive... 

A twelve-month selenium-supplementation trial in children with KBD in Tibet did not show any effect on the main symptoms and signs of the disease (Moreno-Reyes et al., 2003). But, in the same study, correction of iodine deficiency before the administration of selenium supplements induced partial recovery of growth retardation. Selenium had no additional effect on either growth or thyroid function, despite the normalization of serum-selenium levels. 

Numerous controlled supplementation trials have failed to demonstrate that vitamin C, vitamin E, or p-carotene decrease in vivo oxidative DNA damage in humans (Table 21.1). Yet, the findings of prospective cohort studies and controlled intervention trials suggest that these compounds may be beneficial in preventing specific types of cancer and in specific populations (Table 21.2). 

Another meta-analysis of the same 12 trials (Ronsmans et al. 2009) showed that UNIMMAP supplementation did not reduee rates of stillbirth, or early or late neonatal deaths. Table 31.2 shows the overall effeets of UNIMMAP supplementation trials on various birth outcomes. 

The lutein and antioxidant supplement trial (LAST) was a 12-month RCT designed to evaluate the effect of daily supplementation with 10 mg alone or lutein combined with additional carotenoids and antioxidants/minerals on MP optical density and objective visual outcome measures in 90 subjects with ARMD. Glare recovery and contrast sensitivity significantly improved with both interventions, although it is worth noting that 95.6 % of the study population was male [179]. 

In humans, boron supplements are reported to lower the platelet count and potentially reduce the risk of thrombosis (Nielsen et al., 1991), while experimental evidence has been obtained for the likely usefulness of boron-containing thrombin inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders (Tapparelli et al., 1993). In an acute feeding study, the concentration of activated factor VII was unaffected following the consumption of a high-fat meal with or without supplemental boron (Wallace et al., 2002), and in a longer-term supplementation trial, boron had no effect on plasma... 

Quinlan KP, Hayani KC (1996) Vitamin A and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Serum levels and supplementation trial. Arch Pediat Adolesc Med 150 25-30... 

Supplementation trials with vitamin C or vitamin E have not to date shown the expected health benefits. The reasons for this mismatch between observational and supplementation data are not yet known, but some suggested reasons are outlined in Table 1. Nonetheless, despite the apparent lack of effect in supplementation trials, the variety and strength of observational findings, backed by a solid body of in vitro biochemical data, keep dietary antioxidants in the research spotlight, and in recent years attention has focused on the influence of non-nutrient dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenolic compounds, in addition to the effects of vitamin C and vitamin E. The current evidence for vitamin C, vitamin E, and non-nutrient dietary antioxidants in relation to the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries is discussed briefly below. 

Table 1 Possible reasons for the conflict in results between observational epidemiological and supplementation trials...

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