Chromium 111 -chloride hexahydrate

Pinacol formation from ketones and aldehydes by cathodic reduction has been enhanced in the presence of Cr(II) complexes. Electrolysis of a mixture of ben-zophenone (364) and chromium chloride hexahydrate in a DMF-NaCl04 system... 

TA100, TA1535 Base pair substitutions - - Venier et al. 1982 Chromium chloride hexahydrate, chromium... 

An anion complex, the hexaazidochromate(III), [Cr (N3)6] ", was isolated as the violet crystalline tetrabutylammonium salt. The complex is acetone soluble and decomposes at 255°C as with other azido complexes with large organic cations, no impact sensitivity was noted. To make it, chromium chloride hexahydrate was digested in 1 N sulfuric acid for 1 hr with excess dry sodium azide and then precipitated with a tetrabutylammonium salt [139]. 

As far as preparation from chromium chloride hexahydrate and acetylacetone in the presence of urea is concerned, see W. C. Fernelius and F. E. Blanch In T. Moeller, Inorg. Syntheses, Vol. V, New York-Toronto-London, 1957, p. 130. 

Chromic Chioride n (chromium chloride, chromium chloride hexahydrate) CrCla or [Cr(4H20)Cl2] C1-2H20. A catalyst for polymerizing olefins. 

Ghromium(II) Compounds. The Cr(II) salts of nonoxidizing mineral acids are prepared by the dissolution of pure electrolytic chromium metal ia a deoxygenated solution of the acid. It is also possible to prepare the simple hydrated salts by reduction of oxygen-free, aqueous Cr(III) solutions using Zn or Zn amalgam, or electrolyticaHy (2,7,12). These methods yield a solution of the blue Cr(H2 0)g cation. The isolated salts are hydrates that are isomorphous with and compounds. Examples are chromous sulfate heptahydrate [7789-05-17, CrSO 7H20, chromous chloride hexahydrate... 

Step 4 If H20 is present, add hydrate with a chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate... 

Chromium(II) chloride, 6 528t, 531, 564t Chromium(III) chloride, 6 532 physical properties, 6 528t Chromium(IV) chloride, 6 535 Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, physical properties, 6 528t Chromium chromate coatings, 76 219—220 Chromium complexes, 9 399 Chromium compounds, 6 526-571 analytical methods, 6 547-548 economic aspects, 6 543-546 environmental concerns, 6 550—551 health and safety factors, 6 548-550 hydrolysis, equilibrium, and complex formation constants, 6 530t manufacture, 6 538-543... 

Nickel catalysts, 77 94, 99, 109 precipitated, 77 121-122 Nickel-catalyzed dinitrotoluene hydrogenation, 25 194 Nickel chelates, 77 117 Nickel chloride hexahydrate, 77 109, 110 Nickel chromate, molecular formula, properties, and uses, 6 562t Nickel-chromium alloy 600, in galvanic series, 7 805t... 

Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate may be prepared by treating chromium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid ... 

Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate (30 g, 0.113 mol) is dissolved in 40 mL of distilled water and introduced to a Schlenk flask containing 40 g of zinc (20 mesh). The solution is carefully deoxygenated under vacuum and then saturated with argon. With the help of a cannula and a pressure gradient, 75 mL of deoxygenated hydrochloric acid (35%) is slowly added to the constantly stirred mixture. 

Synonym Gamma-Chloropropylene Oxide 3-Chloro-1,2-Propylene Oxide Chlorosulfonic Acid Chlorothene Chiorotoluene, Alpha Alpha-Chlorotoluene Omega-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrimethylsilane Chlorsulfonic Acid Clilorylen Clip Chromic Acid Chromic Anhydride Chromic Oxide Chromium (VI) Dioxychloride Chromium Oxychloride Chromium Trioxide Chromyl Chloride Cianurina Citric Acid Citric Acid, Diammonium Salt Clarified Oil Clorox Cc Ral Coal Tar Oil Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Tetrahydrate Cobalt (II) Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt (II) Chloride Cobaltous Acetate Cobaltous Chloride Cobaltous Chloride Dihydrate Cobaltous Chloride Hexahydrate Cobaltous Nitrate Cobaltous Nitrate Hexahydrate Cobaltous Sulfate Heptahydrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt (II) Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Compound Name Epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethane Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Trifluorochloroethylene Trimethylchlorosilane Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethylene Cumene Hydroperoxide Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Chromyl Chloride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Mercuric Cyanide Citric Acid Ammonium Citrate Oil Clarified Sodium Hypochlorite Coumaphos Oil Coal Tar Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate... 

Trivalent chromium compounds, except for acetate, nitrate, and chromium(III) chloride-hexahydrate salts, are generally insoluble in water. Some hexavalent compounds, such as chromium trioxide (or chromic acid) and the ammonium and alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium) salts of chromic acid are readily soluble in water. The alkaline metal (e.g., calcium, strontium) salts of chromic acid are less soluble in water. The zinc and lead salts of chromic acid are practically insoluble in cold water. Chromium(VI) compounds are reduced to chromium(III) in the presence of oxidizable organic matter. However, in natural waters where there is a low concentration of reducing materials, chromium(VI) compounds are more stable (EPA 1984a). For more information on the physical and chemical properties of chromium, see Chapter 3. 

Characteristic Chromium(lll) chloride hexahydrate Ferrochromite (Chromium(lll)) Chromium(lll) oxide Chromium(lll) phosphate... 

The electrodeposition of chromium in a mixture of choline chloride and chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate has been reported recently [39]. A dark green, viscous liquid is obtained by mixing choline chloride with chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate and the physical properties of this deep eutectic solvent are characteristic of an ionic liquid. The eutectic composition is found to be 1 2 choline chloride/chromium chloride. From this ionic liquid chromium can be electrode-posited efficiently to yield a crack-free deposit [39]. Addition of LiCl to the choline chloride-CrCl3-6H20 liquid was found to allow the deposition of nanocrystalline black chromium films [40], The use of this ionic liquid might offer an environmentally friendly process for electrodeposition of chromium instead of the current chromic acid-based baths. However, some efforts are still necessary to get shining... 

Abbott et al. [98-103] reported the synthesis and characterization of new moisture-stable, Lewis acidic ionic liquids made from metal chlorides and commercially available quaternary ammonium salts (see Chapter 2.3). They showed that mixtures of choline chloride (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, [Me3NC2H40H]Cl and MCU (M=Zn, Sn) give conducting and viscous liquids at or around room temperature. These deep eutectic solvents/ionic liquids are easy to prepare, are water-and air-stable, and their low cost enables their use in large-scale applications. Furthermore, they reported [104] that a dark green, viscous liquid can be formed by mixing choline chloride with chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate and that the... 

Chromium(III) chloride (0-33m). Dissolve 88-8 g chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, CrCl3.6H20, in water and dilute to 1 litre. 

A solution of 30 ml of concentrated (15M) ammonium hydroxide in 170 mi of H2O is added, with stirring, to a solution of commercial chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate (13.3 g, 0.05 mole) in 200 ml of water. The precipitated chromium(III) hydroxide is centrifuged. ... 

Likewise, the oxidation number of chromium in chromium(ll) chloride tetrahy-drate (blue solution) differs from that in chromium(lll) chloride hexahydrate (green solution). 

Auge, J., Boucard, V., Gil, R., Lubin-Germain, N., Picard, J., Uziel, J. An alternative procedure in the Takai reaction using chromium(lll) chloride hexahydrate as a convenient source of chromium(ll). Synth. Commun. 2003, 33, 3733-3739. 

Derivation (1) Interaction of solutions of chromium chloride and sodium phosphate (2) by mixing chrome alum and disodium hydrogen phosphate. Violet, amorphous powder (not the hexahydrate) is formed that becomes crystalline on contact with water. On boiling, it is converted into green crystalline hydrate. 

Some salts could not be dehydrated in THF. Iron(III) chloride for example, polymerizes THF and must be prepared using neat trimethylchlorosilane. Cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate gave a similar result requiring neat trimethylchlorosilane. In both cases, nearly quantitative yields of the anhydrous salt were obtained. Hydrated zinc chloride, which we prepared by adding 10 wt % water to the anhydrous chloride because well-defined hydrates are not commercially available, was very efficiently dehydrated in neat trimethylchlorosilane to give a 96% yield of zinc chloride. In contrast, the THF/trimethylchlorosilane mixture afforded a comparatively modest 71% yield of the tetrahydrofuranate. Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, on the other hand, could not be completely dehydrated in neat trimethylchlorosilane and required THF for an efficient reaction giving 89% yield of chromium(III) chloride tris(tetrahydrofuran). Our results are summarized in Table I. 

Cl2HsoCl6CoCrNi20s, (+) Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) (-) tris-(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) chloride hydrate, 42B, 729 Cl2H6oCl6CrNi20gRh, (+) Tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) (+)-tris-(ethylenediamine)rhodium(III) chloride hydrate, 42B, 729 Cl2H60CI7CO2N12NaOg, Sodium D-tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride hexahydrate, 19, 539 21, 547 Cl2H60CI7CO2N12NaOfi, Sodium L-tris-(ethylenediamine)cobalt(111) chloride hexahydrate, 19, 539... 

Apparently chromic chloride was a violet pigment discovered by Wohler (1800-82), Professor of Chemistry at the Chemical University of Gottingen (cf. Colour Index, 1971 Cl 77295). In practice this compound generally occurs either as an anhydrous chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3) or as a hexahydrate (chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, Cl3CrH]20g, probably as [Cr(OH2)6]Cl3). The anhydrous compound is red-violet, while the hydrated form has greenish black to violet crystals it is unclear which is the basis of die pigment. Chromium(II) and chromium(IV) chlorides also exist. 

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