Pigment Violet

The value of this mode of cyclization is demonstrated by the shade of the finished products as the chlorine content decreases the subsequent pigments exhibit increasingly redder shades of violet Thus the product containing chlorine at the 4% level (available in cmde form as Sandorin Violet 2R-CSA) affords the reddest shade version of Pigment Violet 23 available commercially. 

It is important to note that regular Pigment Violet 23 typically contains a small proportion of both the monochloro and the dechlorinated compounds, indicating that even under normal synthesis conditions some of the alternative cyclization is competing to a minor extent 

The cmde product is converted to a finished pigment by means of various comminution techniques. These include ball milling in the presence or absence of a solvent, attrition by kneading, acid swelling, or acid pasting. The application properties of the finished product and its ultimate shade (a function of particle size and shape as well as size distribution) are determined to a large extent by the technique selected. 

Widely employed in the coloration of plastics. Pigment Violet 23 generally exhibits very good properties in terms of heat stability and lightfastness provided its concentration in the polymer is not too low (the fastness properties tend to dimin- 

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The free base of compound (17) is Rhodamine B base [509-34-2] (Solvent Red 49 Cl 45170 1). The phosphotungstomolybdic acid salt of (17) is Pigment Violet 1 [1326-03-0] Cl45170 2). Pigment Red 173 [12227-77-9] Cl45170 3) is the corresponding aluminum salt. 

Pigment Violet 1 [13264)3-0] 45170 2 triarylcarbonium PTMA salt salt formation between Rhodamine B and phosphotungstomolybdic acid... 

Pigment Violet 19 [1047-16-1] 46500 Quiaacridone condensation of dialkyl succiuoylsucciaate with aniline, cycli2ation of resulting diester to 6,13-dihydroquiQacridone, foUowed by oxidation... 

Pigment Violet 23 [6358-30-1] 51319 Dioxa2iae (Carba2ole Violet) condensation of 3-amino-A/-ethyl-carba2ole with chloranil foUowed by acid-cataly2ed cycli2ation of the diarylamiQodichloroben2oquiQone... 

Other chemical types of high-performance organic pigments are exemplified by the tetrachloroisoindolinone 222 (C. I. Pigment Yellow 110) and the dioxazine 223 (Carbazole Violet, C. I. Pigment Violet 23). Considerable research has been carried out in an attempt to exploit the potential of metal complex chemistry to provide high-performance pig-... 

Pigment Violet 29, for plastics, 7 367t Pigment Violet 32, for plastics, 7 3671 Pigment-volume concentration (PVC),... 

The synthesis of linear turns-quinacridone (2.38) was reported in 1935 by Liebermann [26] and was cursorily looked at as a red vat colorant but not developed commercially. It was more than twenty years later that the DuPont company introduced these compounds as pigments under the trade name of Cinquasia. Their chemical structures are based on Cl Pigment Violet 19 (2.38). As with the phthalocyanines, this compound can exist in several polymorphic forms in this case there are three, termed a-, p- and y- forms only the last two being useful as pigments. The first three pigments were called Cinquasia Red B (y-form, size above 1000 nm), Cinquasia Red Y (y-form, size below 1000 nm) and Cinquasia Violet R (P-form). 

Triphenodioxazine compounds have been used to make brilliant blue direct and reactive dyes for cellulosic fibres, but only one pigment in this chemical class, Cl Pigment Violet 23 (2.43), is widely used. It is prepared by condensing 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole with chloranil in trichlorobenzene [29]. As with many other pigments, manufacturers offer it in many physical forms adapted to the intended end-use. 

The dioxazine ring system is the source of some valuable violet pigments, such as Cl Pigment Violet 23 (6.211). This colorant is obtained by condensing 3-amino-9 ethylcarbazole with chloranil. Sulphonation of the pigment gives the dye Cl Direct Blue 108. Triphenodioxazines have recently been the source of some blue reactive dyes [241-Examples are known of symmetrical bifunctional structures (6.212 NHRNH = alkylenediamine, Z = haloheterocyclic system) and unsymmetrical monofunctional types such as 6.213 [37]. 

Fig. 29 Dispersion of Pigment Violet 19, -modification, in PVC on a roll mill in relation to the plasticizer content (DOP) and the dispersion temperature.

Fig. 31 Effect of the pressure between the rolls during isothermic dispersion (23° C) of 20% Pigment Violet 19, (3-mod-ification, in a sheet offset vehicle (6 passes) on the viscosity of the printing ink.

Fig. 36 Dispersion of Pigment Violet 19, (l-modification, in an alkyd-melamine resin baking enamel with a paint shaker. Reduction 1 2 with Ti02. Tinctorial strength-time curve.

Fig. 48 Electron micrographs of ultramicrotome-cut thin sections of a nonirradiated and an irradiated layer (alkyd-melamine resin baking enamel) containing Pigment Violet 19, y-modification. Above irradiated, below nonirradiated.

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