Chloride solubility

Hydrochloric acid or any soluble chloride gives a white precipitate, soluble in ammonia. 

The carbonates, sulfates, nitrates, and haUdes of lead (except the yeUow iodide) are colodess. Bivalent lead forms a soluble nitrate, chlorate, and acetate a slightly soluble chloride and an insoluble sulfate, carbonate, chromate, phosphate, molybdate, and sulfide. Highly crystalline basic lead salts of both anhydrous and hydrated types are readily formed. Tetrabasic lead sulfate [52732-72-6] 4PbO PbSO, and the hydrated tribasic salt [12397-06-7] ... 

The raw precious metal concentrate is totally dissolved in hydrochloric acid—chlorine solution to form the soluble chloride ions of each of the metals. Silver remains as insoluble silver chloride and can be filtered off. Gold, in the form of [AuClJ, is extracted with, eg, tributyl phosphite or methyl isobutyl ketone. Base metals are also extracted in this step, and are removed from the organic phase by scmbbing with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). Iron powder is then used to reduce the gold species and recover them from the organic phase. 

On the other hand, wet chlorination of refinery slimes has proven to be a rapid and simple method of obtaining high extractions of selenium from slimes. A simple wet chlorination flow sheet is shown in Figure 3. Slimes chlorination per se is not a simple deselenization operation, but rather a process wherein virtually all the constituents of slimes which form soluble chlorides report as a complex solution of mixed chlorides. Thus the use of wet chlorination requires a complete change in the process to recover the metal values in slimes. The first plant to use wet chlorination of slimes was started by Kennecott (Salt Lake City, Utah) in 1995. 

In another process, strontium sulfate can be converted to strontium carbonate direcdy by a metathesis reaction wherein strontium sulfate is added to a solution of sodium carbonate to produce strontium carbonate and leave sodium sulfate in solution (6). Prior to this reaction, the finely ground ore is mixed with hydrochloric acid to convert the calcium carbonates and iron oxides to water-soluble chlorides. 

Finally, other properties of asbestos fibers may be evaluated depending on the envisaged appHcation. Typically, the grits and spicule content, the magnetic susceptibiUty (magnetic rating), the content in soluble chlorides, and the humidity level may be of a particular interest in specific appHcations. 

In areas near the sea coast the rates of corrosion may be increased somewhat by the sea spray containing soluble chlorides, but the rates are still much lower than those prevailing in heavily polluted industrial areas. The white corrosion product which is sometimes found under these conditions probably consists of the basic chloride Zn20Cl2 . 

Even small traces of certain corrosion stimulants, notably soluble chlorides and sulphates, can maintain a continuing corrosion process under a paint film because the salts accelerate the initial dissolution of ferrous iron (and other metal ions) but are not immobilised in the hydrated oxide corrosion products. Filiform corrosion is the most spectacular example of this phenomenon, but progressive spread, preceded by blistering, is also observed from scratches or other breaks in a coating, for example during salt spray tests. 

Silica gel and activated alumina present few practical problems. They are easily reactivated after use by heating in a ventilated oven, to 130-300°C for silica gel, and 150-700°C for activated alumina. British standard specifications have been published for desiccants for packaging which regulate the contents of soluble chloride and sulphate, dust content and absorptive capacity. 

The Ag/AgCl, Cl" electrode, which may be regarded as typical of electrodes of the second kind, consists of AgCl in contact with a soluble chloride, usually KCl. This electrode is essentially an Ag -F e Ag electrode, in which the 0 is controlled by the solubility product of AgCl and by the flci- Thus... 

Group IV cations have soluble chlorides and sulfides, so they are still in solution at this point. The alkaline earth cations (Mg2, Ca2+. Ba2+) are precipitated as carbonates... 

All of these probably have the A1C13 structure (unconfirmed for Rhl3) with bond lengths (EXAFS) of 2.337 A (Rh-Cl) [13] and 2.48 A (Rh-Br) [14]. Soluble chlorides and bromides are made by dissolving the oxide in the appropriate acid. 

Thus we have Example 5 from Table 4.1. Equation 4 gives a better description of the overall reaction, but equation 5 highlights the essential chemical process, and can also stand for the parallel reactions where sodium chloride is replaced by potassium chloride, or at r other soluble chloride. The chemistiy student is expected to appreciate how both equations 4 and 5 can represent the same chemical processes. 

Holmium chloride is obtained from rare-earth minerals. Recovery steps are discussed above (see Holmium). The rare-earth mineral is cracked by acid attack by heating with hydrochloric acid. The water-soluble chloride salt is filtered and separated from insoluble residues. The hydrated chloride salt is heated at 350°C in a current of hydrogen chloride to yield anhydrous H0CI3. Heating in air in the absence of hydrogen chloride yields holmium oxychloride, HoOCl. Hohnium chloride may be purified by distdlation or vacuum sublimation. 

Mercury chloride is obtained as a white precipitate by adding a cold acidic solution of sodium chloride or other soluble chloride to a solution of mercurous salt, such as mercury nitrate ... 

Finely-ground monazite is treated with a 45% NaOH solution and heated at 138°C to open the ore. This converts thorium, uranium, and the rare earths to their water-insoluble oxides. The insoluble residues are filtered, dissolved in 37% HCl, and heated at 80°C. The oxides are converted into their soluble chlorides. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 5.8 with NaOH. Thorium and uranium are precipitated along with small quantities of rare earths. The precipitate is washed and dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. Thorium and uranium are separated from the rare earths by solvent extraction using an aqueous solution of tributyl phosphate. The two metals are separated from the organic phase by fractional crystallization or reduction. 

I less soluble m metallic 0 oxide s subsuifide w water soluble (chloride, sulfate)... 

The tris(ethylenediamine)ruthenium(III) species is obtained by oxidation of [Ru(en)3]2+ with, for example, iodine4 or bromine.6 The oxidizing agent and conditions employed must be chosen carefully to avoid further oxidation of the ethylenediamine ligand to coordinated diimine.7 In the present procedure solid silver anthranilate is used to oxidize [Ru(en)3] [ZnCl4], and [Ru(en)3] Cl3 is isolated. In this heterogeneous procedure the desired [Ru(en)3]Cl3 is the only soluble product and can easily be separated from the insoluble silver, silver chloride, and zinc dianthranilate. Other less soluble [Ru(en)3]3+ compounds can be obtained easily from the soluble chloride. 

In the preparation of hypochlorous acid from chlorine and water, the yield is very low, on account of the small solubility of chlorine in water. The yield of HC10 can be increased either by adding an insoluble oxide or carbonate which forms a sparingly soluble chloride. 

Diammino-silver nitrate forms glistening rhombic or prismatic crystals which blacken on exposure to light. It is fairly stable, and may be heated to 100° C. without loss of ammonia. Further heating causes it to decompose, and finally to melt with evolution of nitrogen and ammonia, leaving a residue of metallic silver and ammonium nitrate. It is soluble in water, but partial dissociation takes place so that the solution is alkaline in reaction, and it therefore yields a precipitate of silver chloride and soluble chlorides. Certain of the metals—for example, zinc, cadmium, and copper—quickly reduce the ammine in solution to metallic silver. 

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