Chlorination sodium hypochlorite

MIcrobiocldes. There are several microbiocides available commercially that can perform an effective function in controlling microbial activity. Some of these chemicals are inorganic, such as chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chromates and compounds of mercury and silver. However, the organic chemicals find the highest use as microbiocides. Some examples of these organic compounds are peracetic acid, paraformaldehyde, polychlorophenols and quaternary ammonium derivatives, to name a few [208]. 

Electrochemical technology has had a long association, for instance, with the pulp and paper industry through the supply of classical bleaching chemicals like sodium hydroxide, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlor-ate/chlorine dioxide . In this context the reader is referred to an excellent review paper by Oloman Electrochemical Synthesis and Separation Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry [129]. 

Biofouling control Chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, ozone... 

Lead dioxide is produced by oxidizing an alkaline slurry of lead monoxide with chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, or bleaching powder. Alternatively, it is obtained by passing chlorine into a hot aqueous suspension of lead sulfate and... 

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature, that is heavier than air and has a strong irritating odor. Exposure to Chlorine Gas is rare, the most common exposures occur with products made from Chlorine. Sodium Hypochlorite is used as a disinfectant in public drinking water and swimming pools and as common household bleach. If these are swallowed. Chlorine Gas is produced in the stomach and causes serious corrosive injury. 

Several studies have been conducted for the separation of hemicellulose from different plant byproduct with different methods of isolation. Lignification process conducted among others by NaOH in 70% ethanol, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite and 30% H2O2. Isolation of hemicellulose used alkaline compounds such as KOH and NaOH with various concentrations, whereas HCl and 90% ethanol is used for the purification of hemicellulose [39,40,57]. 

The remineralised water is disinfected typically with chlorine, sodium hypochlorite or chloramines. It may include fluoride replacement as well. 

Sodinm hypochlorite is available as a solution in concentrations of 5 to 15% chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite is easier to handle than chlorine gas or calcium hypochlorite. It is, however, extremely corrosive and should be kept away from equipment that could be damaged by corrosion. Hypochlorite solutions decompose and should not be stored for more than 1 month and must be stored in a cool, dark, dry area. 

Immature open-pollinated cones of the Hinoki and Sawara cypress (Fig. lA and Fig. 2A) were collected in June and July from plus mother trees. The collected cones were subsequently disinfected by 1 min immersion in 99.5% ethanol and dried in the laminar flow cabinet before dissection. The excised seeds were disinfected with 1% (w/v available chlorine) sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 min and then rinsed five times with sterile distilled water. After the seed coats had been removed, the megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos were used as explants for ECI initiation. 

As an industrial chemical, sodium hypochlorite is a low-cost commodity item. Its price varies according to market demand and fluctuations in the prices of chlorine and sodium hydroxide. In addition, production capacity is much greater than the amount produced. Based on available chlorine, sodium hypochlorite is the least costly form of hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite is... 

In the present experiment, a solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOQ) is used as the source of the chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite solutions are marketed with the hypochlorite concentration described in terms of the "available chlorine"content, which is a term comparing the oxidizing potential of the solution with that of the equivalent mass of chlorine. For the purposes of this experiment, a solution of NaOQ that has 5% available chlorine is needed, and common household bleach will suffice. For another example of an oxidation with an aqueous hypochlorite solution, see Experiment [32]. 

Table 1 Efficacy of chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) against biofilms (examples), n.d., not determined... 

The company, with 1580 employees, produces liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, sodium peroxide, potassium metal, sodium bromate and potassium bromate. It also produces over 5500 tonnes of PP resins each year. 

The reactor effluent, containing 1—2% hydrazine, ammonia, sodium chloride, and water, is preheated and sent to the ammonia recovery system, which consists of two columns. In the first column, ammonia goes overhead under pressure and recycles to the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. In the second column, some water and final traces of ammonia are removed overhead. The bottoms from this column, consisting of water, sodium chloride, and hydrazine, are sent to an evaporating crystallizer where sodium chloride (and the slight excess of sodium hydroxide) is removed from the system as a soHd. Vapors from the crystallizer flow to the hydrate column where water is removed overhead. The bottom stream from this column is close to the hydrazine—water azeotrope composition. Standard materials of constmction may be used for handling chlorine, caustic, and sodium hypochlorite. For all surfaces in contact with hydrazine, however, the preferred material of constmction is 304 L stainless steel. 

Chlorine and Bromine Oxidizing Compounds. The organo chlorine compounds shown in Table 6 share chemistry with inorganic compounds, such as chlorine/77< 2-3 (9-j5y and sodium hypochlorite/7 )< /-j5 2-5 7. The fundamental action of chlorine compounds involves hydrolysis to hypochlorous acid (see Cm ORiNE oxygen acids and salts). 

In alkaline solutions, iodine can be oxidized to iodate by sodium hypochlorite or hypobromite, whereas chlorine passed into a solution of iodine and alkah oxidizes ah the way to periodate. 

Starch oxidation was investigated as early as 1829 by Liebig. The objective, as with other modifications, was to obtain a modified granular starch. The oxidant commonly employed is sodium hypochlorite, prepared from chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide. This reaction is exothermic and external cooling must be provided during preparation of the oxidant. 

Sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite are chlorine derivatives formed by the reaction of chlorine with hydroxides. The appHcation of hypochlorite to water systems produces the hypochlorite ion and hypochlorous acid, just as the appHcation of chlorine gas does. 

Superchlorination typically refers to a dding FAC equal to 10 x ppm CAC, whereas shock treatment generally involves addition of 10 ppm FAC. The frequency of superchlorination or shock treatment depends on bather load and temperature. Calcium hypochlorite, because of its convenience, is widely used for superchlorination and shock treatment. Sodium hypochlorite, LiOCl, or chlorine gas are also used. Chloroisocyanurates are not recommended since their use would result in excessive cyanuric acid concentrations. 

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