Alkaline compounds

The advent of a large international trade in methanol as a chemical feedstock has prompted additional purchase specifications, depending on the end user. Chlorides, which would be potential contaminants from seawater during ocean transport, are common downstream catalyst poisons likely to be excluded. Limitations on iron and sulfur can similarly be expected. Some users are sensitive to specific by-products for a variety of reasons. Eor example, alkaline compounds neutralize MTBE catalysts, and ethanol causes objectionable propionic acid formation in the carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid. Very high purity methanol is available from reagent vendors for small-scale electronic and pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Titanium dioxide used for adhesive applications should contain an inorganic coating to control polarity, improve its ease of dispersion, and improve its weather resistance. The inorganic coating (zirconium dioxide, silica, alumina) is applied in the aqueous sluny by precipitation of one or more hydrated metal oxides and by neutralization of acidic and alkaline compounds. 

First, the acetone is condensed (or reacted or dimerized) with itself. That is, its passed over a catalyst and two acetone molecules chemically react to form diacetone alcohol. Diacetone alcohol has both the acetone signature and the alcohol signature (-OH). The catalyst is an alkaline compound like Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide or soda lime), and the reaction is run at about 32°R... 

Take common carbonated alkali, or the potassa Or soda of commerce, or ammonia, or some other alkaline compound, and mix it with rssinous matter,—as shell-lac or conimoo resin,—in about equal proportions than add water according to the required strength of the solution, and boil the whole until the resinous substance, or tho greater portion of it, has dissolved next mix the necessary quantity of line lamp-black with this solution. A black liquid will thus be produced, which may be mixed with other suitable colored solutions, to form an indelible ink. Such tinctorial matter as is soluble in alkali, will best assimilate with this composition. 

Use of Less Hazardous Acid or Alkaline Compounds. The aluminum processing industry employs deoxider and desmutter systems in which chromic acid is used. This... 

Increasing restrictions also apply to the chloride process, so that efforts are continually being made to use the iron chloride byproduct, e.g., in water treatment and as a flocculation agent [2.56], Another process for treating metal chorides with cement and alkaline compounds to produce rock-like aggregates for road building is described in [2.57]. 

The environmental impact of acid rain depends on local geology, as Figure 10.15 illustrates. In certain regions, such as the midwestern United States, the ground contains significant quantities of the alkaline compound calcium carbonate (limestone), deposited when these lands were submerged under oceans... 

Many of the smelly molecules of cooked fish are alkaline compounds. How might these smelly molecules be conveniently transformed into less smelly salts just prior to eating the fish ... 

Taste is only one of several qualities of a process or product that is affected by an excess of either of these 10ns. Some raw materials are naturally too acidic, others too alkaline—so that neutralizers must be added to adjust the pH within an acceptable range. In die dairy industry, for example, the acid in sour cream must be adjusted by the addition of alkaline compounds in order that satisfactory butter can be churned. Quite often, the pH may be difficult to adjust or to maintain after adjustment. Stability of pH can be accomplished by the addition of buffering agents that, within limits, effectively maintain the desired pH even when additional acid or alkali is added. For example, orange-flavored instant breakfast drink has just... 

Applicable to 1.0-25 mg L-1 in surface, saline, domestic, and waste water. Volatile alkaline compounds interfere... 

A mixture comprising 108 g of phenyl hydrazine and 216 g of the diethyl ester of n-butylmalonic acid is heated on an oil bath at 170°-180°C for 12 hours. The residue is taken up with water in which an alkaline compound has been dissolved and acetic acid is added to precipitate 4-n-butyl-2-phenyl-pyrazolidine-3,5-dione. The product is a white crystalline solid having a MP 103°C. It is soluble in acetone and benzene, soluble in hot condition in methanol and ethanol and insoluble in water. 

The release of alkaline compounds is also an important factor in coal combustion. Most high-temperature corrosion problems in fossil fuel boilers are the result of salt melts (54,55). Alkali metal compounds volatilize from coal at the high temperatures of conventional combustion and subsequently condense on heat transfer surfaces. The lower temperatures of FBC are expected to reduce salt volatility, a fact that has been confirmed by Vogel et al. (16). 

Treatment with alkaline compounds degrades 12-heteropolymolybdates to products with fewer Mo atoms. The first degradation products appear to be 11-heteropolymolybdates and 10-heteropolymolybdates4. Further treatment with bases leads to other stable species, mostly having ratios of one X to six or less Mo. In the phosphorus series, the 5-molybdodiphosphate(V) anion and its salts are well established29,48,49. The crystal structure of these materials is typified by the salt (NH4)s[(Mo03)s(P04)(HP04)] 3 H20. Finally, excess alkali causes complete... 

The preparation of a solution of soap by the reaction of fat with water in the presence of base was probably one of the earliest chemical processes discovered by humans. Although the details of this discovery are lost in antiquity, we can imagine early humans finding that water that had been in contact with wood ashes from the campfire could be used to remove grease from hands and other objects and that this water became a more effective cleaning agent as it was used. The water leaches some alkaline compounds from the ashes, and this basic water hydrolyzes the esters of the fat or grease to alcohols and soap. This is why the hydrolysis of esters under basic conditions is called saponification (the Latin word for soap is sapo). 

Accidents caused by spontaneous explosion of finished TNT are also known. Some of them could be ascribed to the presence of traces of trinitrocresol salts. Others were presumably caused by products of decomposition of trinitrotoluene under the influence of sunlight or alkaline compounds used for deacidification of the TNT. Still others were due to the high sensitiveness of molten TNT to impact. This is why the drying of TNT should be regarded as a very dangerous operation. 

Figure 6 Factors that influence the bending of earth alkaline compounds EX2. (a) Core polarization of the positively charged metal cation by the negatively charged X atoms, (b) Participation of the outermost (n — l)d orbitals of E in a bonding, (c) Degenerate jt bond in linear EX2, which become the in-plane jTjp (b2) and out-of-plane jT<,p (a2) components in bent (C2v) EX2. (d) Cdculated structures of the planar and perpendicular forms of Ba(NH2)2. (Ref. 28c. Reproduced by permission of Wiley-VCH)...

The book also explores the application of various acidic catalysts, such as silica-alumina, zeolites (HY, HZSM-5, mordenite) or alkaline compounds such as zinc oxide. However, the main problem with catalytic cracking is that in the course of the cracking process all catalysts deactivate very quickly. Expensive zeolite catalysts increase the cost of waste plastics cracking process to the point where it becomes economically unacceptable since the catalyst becomes contained in coke residue and therefore cannot be recovered and regenerated. 

The Smuda catalysts, due to their acidic nature, have a low tolerance to alkaline compounds. Accordingly Nylons (which form ammonia) and ABS (which form amines) are not suitable since these polymers form by-products which are alkaline in nature. PVC does not pose a problem since the acidic by-products do not deactivate the catalyst [24]. 

We have studied the relative reactivity of cellulose and mixed polysaccharides (III) and (IV) in reactions with aqueous and alcoholic solutions of NaOH. The data on the composition of alkali compounds of polysaccharides are given in Table 6. As seen from the data presented in Table 6, the amount of bound alkali in preparations of alkaline compounds of mixed polysaccharides is le than in alkali cdlulose obtained under the same conditions, the DS with respect to NaOH decreasing with increasing content of altrose units in polysaccharide (III) and of 3,6-anhydroglucose units in polysaccharide (IV). 

Table 6. Effect of number of altrose or 3,6-anhydroglucose units in the macromolecule of a mixed polysaccharide on the composition dl alkaline compounds of polysaccharides (III) (IV)...

Amines are substituted ammonia molecules and so have some similar properties. They are basic or alkaline compounds and their solutions have pHs above 7. Their base strength is expressed in terms of Aj, or pATb values. 

Chemicals are taken up by the body through cell membranes on the skin, in the eye, in the respiratory tract, and in the digestive tract. The discussion here is limited to those chemicals that traverse membranes biochemically. Corrosive chemicals that destroy tissue, such as strong mineral acids and highly concentrated alkaline compounds, are excluded from consideration here. 

Sometimes, improving your alkaline state can be as simple as adding highly alkaline compounds to your drinking water. You can purchase ready-made pH drops from a reputable health store. These drops may contain a 2 percent solution of chlorine dioxide or hydrogen peroxide, which releases oxygen into the body, helping you to improve your alkalinity or remain alkaline. 

L. Halm, Note on refractory wear problems in blast furnaces due to the presence of alkaline compounds. Br. Iron Steel Inst. 8003 C.D.S. Circ. 4, 955-964 (1969). 

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