Shock treatments

Shirakawa techmqi Shirlan Shirley Non-Lint AnalyZ Shi take mushroom Shock absorbers Shock absorption Shocking Shockley defects Shock treatment Shock tubes Shock waves Shoe components Shoe products Shoes... 

SuperchlorinationShock Treatment. Superchlorination or shock treatment of pool water is necessary since accumulation of organic matter, nitrogen compounds, and algae consumes free available chlorine and impedes disinfection. Reaction of chlorine with constituents of urine or perspiration (primarily NH" 4, amino acids, creatinine, uric acid, etc) produces chloramines (N—Cl compounds) which are poor disinfectants because they do not hydrolyze significantly to HOCl (19). For example, monochloramine (NH2CI) is only 1/280 as effective as HOCl against E. coli (20). 

During superchlorination or shock treatment, ammonium ion is oxidized to nitrogen by breakpoint chlorination which is represented by the simplified reaction sequence... 

Urea (24), amino acids (25), and creatinine (26) are also decomposed during superchlorination or shock treatment, with formation of N2 and other oxidation products. However, the process is slower than with ammonium ion (see Chloramines and BROMAMINEs). Urea is the principal nitrogen-containing compound in swimming pools. Since it is an amide, it reacts slowly with chlorine, yielding N2, NCl, and NO/ (27). 

Superchlorination typically refers to a dding FAC equal to 10 x ppm CAC, whereas shock treatment generally involves addition of 10 ppm FAC. The frequency of superchlorination or shock treatment depends on bather load and temperature. Calcium hypochlorite, because of its convenience, is widely used for superchlorination and shock treatment. Sodium hypochlorite, LiOCl, or chlorine gas are also used. Chloroisocyanurates are not recommended since their use would result in excessive cyanuric acid concentrations. 

Potassium peroxymonosulfate, introduced in the late 1980s, is finding increasing use as an auxiUary oxidant for shock treatment and oxidation of chloramines. Sodium peroxydisulfate is also being sold for shock treatment, however, it is less reactive than peroxymonosulfate. Mixtures of sodium peroxydisulfate and calcium hypochlorite can be used for shock treatment (28). Disadvantages of peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate are they do not provide a disinfectant residual and peroxymonosulfate oxidizes urea and chloramines to nitrate ion, which is a nutrient for algae. 

The error is approximately equal to the FAC at pH 7.2—7.8. However, it is significant only at high FAC, eg, during superchlorination or shock treatment. 

The concentration of inorganic and organic chloramines in pool water is controlled by superchlorination or shock treatment. Because chloramines are decomposed by sunlight, their effects are more noticeable in indoor pools or spas. Nitrogen trichloride, the primary volatile chloramine, is a strong irritant similar to chlorine. Its effect is noticeable at >0.5 mg/m (>0.1 ppm) (73). The concentration of NCl depends on the extent of ventilation and typically varies from 0.2 to 0.5 mg /m (0.04 to 0.1 ppm) (74). 

Bactericides can be added to the soluble-oil system as a shock treatment when infection occurs, but the user must bear in mind that a badly infected and degraded emulsion cannot later be reclaimed. The bactericidal treatment may... 

Howard LR and Hernandez-Brenes C. 1998. Antioxidant content and market quality of jalapeno pepper rings as affected by minimal processing and modified atmosphere packaging. J Food Qual 21 317-327. Hribar J, Plestenjal A, Vidrih R and Simcic M. 1994. Influence of CO2 shock treatment and ULO storage on apple quality. Acta Hort 368 634. 

Shockley diode equation, 22 243, 246 Shockley equation, 74 838-839 Shock synthesis of diamonds, 3 536 Shock treatment... 

Ginkgo alters lipid metabolism created by electroconvulsive shock treatments. EGb 761 reduced accumulation of free fatty acids and removal of diacylglycerol, which is more pronounced in the hippocampus than cerebral cortex (Rodriguez de Turco et al. 1993). Ginkgo also has protective effects on lipid membranes under hypoxic conditions. Bilobalide, but not ginkgolides, suppressed hydrolysis of choline induced... 

Potassium depletion Low-pH shock treatment Methyl-P-cyclodextrin... 

Shock Therapy. The early 20th century saw the development of the first effective biological treatments for depression, the shock therapies. The first shock treatments used injection of horse serum or insulin. A major advance in treatment occurred with the advent of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in 1934. Although initially used to treat schizophrenia, ECT was soon found to be highly effective for other psychiatric disorders including depression and mania. ECT remained the primary biological psychiatric treatment until the widespread release of psychiatric medications in the 1950s. 

Heat-shock treatment is a crucial step. It is very important that cells be raised to exactly the right temperature at the correct rate. 

Ebstein R, Belmaker R, Grunhaus L, et al Lithium inhibition of adrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase in humans. Nature 259 411-413, 1976 Ebstein RP, Hermoni M, Belmaker RH The effect of lithium on noradrenahne-in-duced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain inhibition after chronic treatment and absence of supersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213 161-167, 1980 Ebstein RP, Lerer B, Shlaufman M, et al The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock treatment and chronic lithium feeding on the release of norepinephrine from rat cortical vesicular preparations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 3 191-201, 1983 Ebstein RP, Moscovich D, Zeevi S, et al Effect of lithium in vitro and after chronic treatment on human platelet adenylate cyclase activity prosreceptor modification or second messenger signal amplification. Psychiatry Res 21 221-228, 1987 Eccleston D, Cole AJ Calcium-channel blockade and depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 156 889-891, 1990... 

Pandey GN, Heinze WJ, Brown BD, et al. Electroconvulsive shock treatment decreases beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rat brain. Nature 1979 280 234-235. 

Rennie TAC. Manic-depressive disease prognosis following shock treatment. Psychiatr Q 1943 17 642-654. 

Hydrogen peroxide transformed mouse myeloid progenitor cells (FDC-Pl) from interleukin-3 dependence to factor independence, but only at cytotoxic concentrations (> 12/5 pmol/L). Such a transformation was not induced by non-specific insults to the cells, such as sodium fluoride or heat shock treatment. The transformed cells produced tumours when injected into pre-irradiated mice (Crawford Greenberger, 1991). Hydrogen peroxide (10 pmol/L) induced overexpression of the proto-oncogene c-jun in hamster tracheal epithelial (HTE) cells c-jun overexpression led to proliferation and increased growth rate, as well as increased anchorage-independence of HTE cells (Timblin et al., 1995). 

Good quality manual valves, or possibly with suitable automatic valves and a timer system, in which case, it is possible to provide periodic biocidal shock treatments rather than continuous background, biostatic conditions. 

Pulmonary edema secondary to hypoglycemia was reported particularly in the 1930s when insulin shock treatment was used for schizophrenia. It is less common nowadays, but has been reported after insulin overdose (16). 

---