Microvascular permeability

The 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is responsible for production of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 are released during inflammatory processes in the lung and produce broncho-spasm, mucus secretion, microvascular permeability, and airway edema. 

The superoxide anion (O2 ) exhibits numerous physiological toxic effects including endothelial cell damage, increased microvascular permeability, formation of chemotactic factors such as leukotriene B4, recruitment of neutrophils at sites of inflammation, lipid peroxidation and oxidation, release of cytokines, DNA singlestrand damage, and formation of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-), a potent cytotoxic and proinflammatory molecule generated according to equation 7.210 ... 

Carlsson O, Rosengren BE, Rippe B. Transcytosis inhibitor V-ethylmaleini-mide increases microvascular permeability in rat muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001 281 H1728-H1733. 

The corticosteroids have an array of actions in several systems that may be relevant to their effectiveness in asthma. These include inhibition of cytokine and mediator release, attenuation of mucus secretion, up-regulation of (3-adrenoceptor numbers, inhibition of IgE synthesis, attenuation of eicosanoid generation, decreased microvascular permeability, and suppression of inflammatory cell influx and inflammatory processes. The effects of the steroids take several hours to days to develop, so they cannot be used for quick relief of acute episodes of bronchospasm. 

Yuan, E, M. Lennig, S.K. Huang, D.A. Berk, D. Papahadjopoulos, and R.K. Jain, Microvascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically stabilized (stealth) liposomes in a human tumor xenograft. Cancer Res, 1994.54(13) 3352-6. 

The cysteinyl leukotrienes, particularly LTC4 and LTD4, are potent bronchoconstrictors and cause increased microvascular permeability, plasma exudation, and mucus secretion in the airways. Controversies exist over whether the pattern and specificity of the leukotriene receptors differ in animal models and humans. LTC4-specific receptors have not been found in human lung tissue, whereas both high- and low-affinity LTD4 receptors are present. 

Wu, N. M., D. Da, T. L. Rudoll, D. Needham, A. R. Whorton, and M. W. Dehirst. 1993. Increased microvascular permeability contributes to preferential accumulation of stealth liposomes in tumor fDSaioieer Res. 

Dvorak Hp Nagy JA, Feng D, et al, Vascular permeability factor/zascular endothelial growth factor and the significance of microvascular permeability in angiogenesis, Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1999 237 97-132,... 

The deposition of plasmids after systemic administration is restricted to the intravascular space due to its low microvascular permeability in most organs with continuous capillary bed. Some organs with fenestrated capillaries, such as liver, spleen, and bone marrow, provide some opportunities for extravasation of plasmids. Intravenously injected plasmids initially perfuse the pulmonary vascular beds, maximizing the... 

Calcium dobesilate is an antioxidant that has been used to treat diabetic retinopathy, in which it slows progression of the disease during long-term oral treatment by reducing microvascular permeability, leading to improved visual acuity (1). It not only acts as an antioxidant but also stimulates endothelial production of nitric oxide. 

The inflammatory response is a complex process that occurs following cellular injury. The injury results in the formation and release of a myriad of cell mediators that are responsible for producing early inflammatory events. These include increased microvascular permeability, followed by the leakage of blood components and migration of leukocytes into the interstitial space. These physiological events are responsible for the five cardinal signs of inflammation erythema, edema, pain, heat and loss of use. 

Cudd A, Pauly T H 1987 Necrotizing enterocolitis in two equine neonates. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 9 88-92 Dabareiner R M, Snyder J R, White N A et al 1995 Microvascular permeability and endothelial cell morphology associated with low-flow ischemia/reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum. American Journal of Veterinary Research 56 639-648 Dart A J, Snyder J R, Spier S J et al 1992 Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease 147 cases (1988-1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201 1244-1248... 

Henninger D D, Snyder J R, Pascoe J R et al 1992 Microvascular permeability changes in ischemia/repetfusion injury in the ascending colon of horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201 1191-1196... 

Macromolecules reduce abnormal microvascular permeability in rat limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. Critical Care Medicine 17 1306-1309... 

Yoshikawa, S., Kayes, S.G. and Parker, J.C. (1993). Eosinophils increase lung microvascular permeability via the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. Bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction unaflFected by eosinophil peroxidase inhibition. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 914-920. 

Clough, G. (1991). Relation between microvascular permeability and ultrastructure. Prog. Biophys. Molec. Biol. 55, 47-69. 

Erjefalt, LA., Wagner, Z.G., Strand, S.E. and Persson, C.G. (1985). A method for studies of tracheobronchial microvascular permeability fo macromolecules. J. Pharmacol. Methods... 

Evans, T.W., Rogers, D.F., Aursudkij, B., Chung, K.F. and Barnes, P.J. (1989). Regional and time-dependent effects of inflammatory mediators on airway microvascular permeability in the guinea-p. Clin. Sci. 76, 479-485. 

Lewis, RE. and Granger, H.J. (1986). Neutrophil-dependent mediation of microvascular permeability. Fed. Proc. 45, 109-113. 

Matheson, M.J., Rynell, A.-C., McClean, M.A. and Berend, N. (1994). NK-1 receptors do not mediate increases in microvascular permeability (MVP) in the trachea of the NZ white rabbit. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Annual Scientific Meeting, Hamilton Island, p. 98. 

Morel, N.M.L., Petruzzo, P.P., Hechtman, H.B. and Shepro, D. (1990). Inflammatory agonists that increase microvascular permeability in vim stimulate cultured pulmonary microvessel endothelial cell contraction. Inflammation 14, 571-583. 

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