Chemical substances flammables

Recorded traffic accidents involving the hazardous substances on the Czech railways show that carrying all sorts of chemical substances flammable solids substances, substances liable to spontaneous combustion, corrosive substances, poisonous substances and other dangerous substances and articles. The frequency distribution of traffic accidents on the rail with the presence of hazardous substances for the years 1996-2010 is shown in Figure 8. We observe that most of the accidents on the rail with the presence of hazardous substances were in 1997 their number exceeded 700. In the period 1998-2004, the annual number of accidents involving the hazardous substances increases. In the years 2006-2010 there is a decline in the annual number of accidents involving the hazardous substances and, in the years 2009 and 2010 reached under a value of 100, which may, however, be the result of a decline in industrial production, which... 

Ignition Temperature - This is defined as the minimum temperature at which a chemical substance will ignite without a spark or flame being present. Along with the values of flash point and flammability range, it provides and indication of the relative fire potential for the chemical. 

Professor Martel s book addresses specifically some of the more technical eispects of the risk assessment process, mainly in the areas of hazard identification, and of the consequence/effect analysis elements, of the overall analysis whilst where appropriate setting these aspects in the wider context. The book brings together a substantial corpus of information, drawn from a number of sources, about the toxic, flammable and explosive properties and effect (ie harm) characteristics of a wide range of chemical substances likely to be found in industry eind in the laboratory, and also addresses a spectrum of dangerous reactions of, or between, such substances which may be encountered. This approach follows the classical methodology and procedures of hazard identification, analysing material properties eind... 

The Finnish legislation (Pyotsia, 1994) classifies the flammability of chemical substances on the basis of their flash and boiling points. This is similar to the European Union Directives concerning hazardous substances. Also the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (1987) and Edwards Lawrence (1993) have been used similar approaches. 

Explosive nature of chemical substances is described with upper and lower explosion limits. The explosiveness of vapour cloud depends especially on the lower explosion limit (LEL). The LEL is the concentration of vapour, at which the vapour cloud is possible to ignite. The wider range between explosion limits means, that it is more probable that the formed vapour cloud is in the flammable region, i.e. the higher tendency for explosion. Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have used explosive limits to determine the explosiveness of chemical substances. 

The calculations of the Inherent Safety Index (ISI) are made on the basis of the worst situation. The approach of the worst case describes the most risky situation that can appear. A low index value represents an inherently safer process. In the calculations the greatest sum of flammability, explosiveness and toxic exposure subindices is used. For inventory and process temperature and pressure the maximum expected values are used. The worst possible interaction between chemical substances or pieces of equipment and the worst process structure give the values of these subindices. 

The chemical substances in the process are all flammable and /or toxic in varying degrees. The process streams pose different hazards according to the type and quantity of chemicals present. The capacity of process is 100000 t/a acetic acid. 

In this research, the main focus is safety in a chemical company handling hazardous substances. The risks of accidents or other events during processes involving hazardous substances (flammable, toxic, or explosive) or activities where extreme conditions are used (like high/low pressures or high/low temperatures), are subject of this research. Process safety is the absence of risk from events with these hazardous substances and activities with extreme conditions. Non-process safety or process risk is often measured by accidents, incidents and near misses and this concept will be discussed in the following sub-Section. 

As mentioned, RMP addresses specific chemicals/materials (compounds) it addresses the accidental release of over one hundred chemical substances. Of the RMP chemicals listed, seventy-seven include acutely toxic chemical compounds and sixty-three flammable gases. Threshold quantity levels range from 500 pounds to 20,000 pounds. USEPA estimates that approximately 100,000+ sources are covered by the rule. The universe includes chemical and most other manufacturers, certain wholesalers and retailers, drinking-water systems, wastewater treatment works, ammonia refrigeration systems, chemical wholesalers and end users, utilities, propane retailers, and federal facilities. 

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. A 5-minute exposure to 1,000 ppm concentration in air can be fatal to humans (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed. New York John Wiley). The symptoms are headache, nausea, nervousness, cough, eye irritation, and insomnia. High doses can produce unconsciousness and respiratory paralysis. 

Acaricide The name of a chemical pesticide used to control spiders, ticks, mites miticide. Accelerant A chemical substance used to initiate or promote fire. Flammable liquids may be referred to as accelerants. 

Naphtha Various volatile and often flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used as solvents and diluents consists mainly of hydrocarbons with higher boiling point than gasolines and lower boiling point than kerosene principal component of chemical dispersants used prior to 1970. Naphthenes Class of hydrocarbons with similar physical and chemical properties to alkanes insoluble in water, generally boil at 10-20°C higher than corresponding carbon number alkanes. Narcosis Stupor or unconsciousness produced by chemical substances. 

The category "hazardous materials" includes a group of chemical substances called "reactive chemicals". A reactive chemical initiates reaction by itself or with other substances. These reactions are often exothermic (heat releasing) or produce flammable gases or explosive materials, which may in turn trigger accidents. 

Chemical substances which may cause adverse effects to human health, endanger people s lives or damage the environment are called hazardous materials. In Japan, hazardous materials are distinguished by two general legal definitions namely, hazardous chemicals in a narrow sense and hazardous materials in a broad sense. Hazardous chemicals in a narrow sense are those substances having ignitability and flammability as specified in the Japanese Fire Services Law these materials are listed in the Exhibit of the Law. 

Today, almost everyone works or lives with chemicals and chemical prodncts. Over the centuries man has lived in a chemical age, but especially so during the past several decades. Many of the chemical substances can have deleterious effects on animals, humans, and the environment. These substances are capable of causing physical hazards (e.g., lire or explosion) or health hazards (such as systemic toxicity and chemical bums). Improper use of chemical substances causes a wide range of health hazards. It is the responsibility of the user to evaluate each chemical substance and know its potential to cause adverse health effects and pose physical hazards, such as flammability in the workplace. The manufacturers, importers, and distributors of different chemical substances must be sure that containers of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace are properly labeled with the identity of the chemical and appropriate hazard warnings. In the workplace, each container must be marked with the identity of hazardous chemicals contained in it and must show hazard warnings appropriate for employee protection. 

Synonyms and trade names acetic aldehyde, aldehyde, ethanol, ethylaldehyde Use and exposure Acetaldehyde is a highly flammable, volatile, colorless liquid with a characteristic and pungent odor. It is miscible in water. Exposure to acetaldehyde occurs during the production of acetic acid and various other industrial chemical substances—for instance, manufacture of drugs, dyes, explosives, disinfectants, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, and varnish. - - ... 

Flammable Any chemical substance, liquid or solid, that has a flash point of 100°F or below any solid that can sustain fire and ignite readily any material that can be ignited easily and will burn rapidly Flash point The temperature at which a liquid will generate sufficient vapors to promote combustion. Generally, the lower the flash point is, the greater the danger of combustion is... 

A flammable chemical substance is a solid, liquid, vapor, or gas that ignites easily and burns rapidly in air. Many of the flammable chemicals used in laboratories are flammable liquids and organic solvents. The vapors of these chemical substances form ignitable mixtures with air. Based on the flash points of these chemicals, classifications are made. The flash point of a chemical substance is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fuel-air mixture present above the surface of a liquid will ignite, if an ignition source is present. The common flammable chemical substances include, but are not restricted to, acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, gasoline, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, propanol, tetrahydro-furan and toluene, and xylene. 

Danger (A) denotes the highest degree of the chemical hazard. This includes chemical substances of classes lA and IB under flammable liquids and with flash points less than 73°F. 

All flammable chemical substances are classified according to flash point, boiling point, and ignition temperature ... 

From these properties, fast pyrolysis liquid is a Class 3 substance - Flammable Liquid. The exact specification is then related to its chemical conqiosition to determine its level of hazard, as described below. 

No toxicological data have been recorded for COBrF, and no Occupational Exposure Limits have been recommended. Although it is undoubtedly an irritant with a lethai capacity, it is unlikely to be as poisonous as phosgene. It is unlikely to be flammable. COBrF is not a commercially available substance, and it is not included in the European inventory of existing chemical substances (EINECS) [602a]. 

This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are ... 

---