Chemical and Metal Industries

Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. 

A bleached kraft pulp mill requires 15,140 to 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water and 8.56 to 12.22 million chu (14 to 20 million Btu) of energy per ton of pulp, of which ca. 4.44 to 5.56 million chu (8 to 10 million Btu) are typically derived from biomass-derived fuel from the pulping process itself.4 Across all facilities, the pulp, paper, and allied products industry is the largest consumer of process water and the third largest consumer of energy (after the chemicals and metals industries).5,6 The large amounts of water and energy used, as well as the chemical inputs, lead to a variety of environmental concerns. 

As knowledge of these and other particle characteristics became more readily available by applying new and powerful microscopes, miniaturized tools, and novel methods of investigation, interest increased in the production and use of xJtra-fine particles (UFPs) with physically predictable and sometimes new properties (so-called Nano Technology). Many particles that require extreme cleanliness in, for example, the food, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, and metals industries are obtained by precipitation from gases or liquids yielding UFPs [B.55]. 

Alfa Aesar-Johnson Matthey Chemical and Metal Industries... 

Direct cadmium emissions to water arise from the chemical and metal industries, the transport sector, waste streams, and agriculmre [6]. Of course, also the destiny of emissions to air is land and/or fresh and marine waters, where cadmium is washed from impervious surfaces, collected and directly or indirectly (via waste-water treatment plants) discharged to a receiving water [6]. 

Ammonia is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapour pressure of 114 psig (7.9 bar) at 21°C. Uses are to be found in refrigeration, fertilizer production, metal industries, the petroleum, chemical and rubber industries, domestic cleaning agents and water purification. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are common alkaline laboratory reagents ca 0.88 solution is the strongest available. Ammonia gas is expelled on warming. 

The excellent corrosion resistance over a wide range of operating conditions and readily available methods of fabrication by welding and other means of shaping metals make these steels the most extensively used throughout the chemical and allied industries. 

Corrosion reactions in aggressive organic solvents are becoming a more frequent occurrence owing to developments in the chemical and petrochemical industries, and these reactions can lead to the deterioration of the metal and to undesirable changes in the solvent. This aspect of corrosion has recently been the subject of an extensive review by Heitz who has considered the mechanisms of the reactions, the similarities between corrt ion in organic solvents and in aqueous solutions, the methods of study and the occurrence of the phenomenon in industrial processes. 

When they have served their purpose or become damaged the noble metals will realise a very high proportion of their initial cost. No matter in what form they are utilised, very efficient processes are available for effecting their complete recovery. This factor often makes noble metals the most economic in use in the chemical and engineering industries. For many applications, no other metal or group of metals can fulfil their function as efficiently, combined with such a low net cost to their user. 

By far the most important use of the platinum metals is for catalysis. The largest single use is in automobile catalytic converters. Platinum is the principal catalyst, but catalytic converters also contain rhodium and palladium. These elements also catalyze a wide variety of reactions in the chemical and petroleum industry. For example, platinum metal is the catalyst for ammonia oxidation in the production of nitric acid, as described in Pt gauze, 1200 K... 

The end-use pattern of trichloroethylene in the United States was estimated as follows (CMR 1986) vapor degreasing of fabricated metal parts, 80% chemical intermediates, 5% miscellaneous uses, 5% and exports, 10%. The most important use of trichloroethylene, vapor degreasing of metal parts, is closely associated with the automotive and metals industries (CMR 1983). 

Kuo-Ching Ma obtained his Ph.D. from Florida State University, M.Sc. from The University of Saskatchewan, and B.Sc. from The National Taiwan University, all in Physical Chemistry. After working many years in the aerospace, battery research, fine chemicals, and metal finishing industries in Canada as a Research Scientist, Technical Supervisor/ Director, he is now dedicating his time and interests to environmental research. 

Acetylating and dehydrating agent used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the manufacture of cellulose acetate, for textile sizing agents and cold bleaching activators, for polishing metals and for the production of brake fluids, dyes, explosives. 

The BioTrol soil washing system is a patented, water-based volume reduction process used to treat excavated soil. It separates slightly contaminated, coarse, washed soil particles from heavily contaminated fine soil particles. The process operates on the premise that (1) contaminants tend to be concentrated in the fine size fraction of soil (sUt, clay, and soil organic matter) and (2) contaminants associated with the coarse soil fraction (sand and gravel) are primarily surficial. The BioTrol soil washing system can be used to treat soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), various industrial chemicals, and metals. 

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