Energy from biomass-derived

Green Plastics, Fibers, and Energy from Biomass-Derived Hydroxyesters... 

A bleached kraft pulp mill requires 15,140 to 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water and 8.56 to 12.22 million chu (14 to 20 million Btu) of energy per ton of pulp, of which ca. 4.44 to 5.56 million chu (8 to 10 million Btu) are typically derived from biomass-derived fuel from the pulping process itself.4 Across all facilities, the pulp, paper, and allied products industry is the largest consumer of process water and the third largest consumer of energy (after the chemicals and metals industries).5,6 The large amounts of water and energy used, as well as the chemical inputs, lead to a variety of environmental concerns. 

Scheme 1 Carbon cycle energy diagram for the production of H2 from biomass-derived ethanol.18...

Biomass supplies almost 15% of the world s energy. In developing countries this amount can be as high as 50%. Nepal, Ethiopia, and Haiti derive most of their energy from biomass. Kenya, Maldives, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Mauritius derive over half. 

As outlined above, biomass feedstock can also be employed for the production of syngas and, thus, methanol produced from biomass-derived syngas and fuels obtained through processing of biomass-based methanol can be considered as typical biofuels. Blends with petrol containing up to 20% of methanol can be used in combustion engines without elaborate modifications. However, the comparatively low energy density and safety concerns have limited so far broad applications of methanol as fuel. Another option is the use... 

Chemicals and materials can only be sourced from earth resources such as crude oil or biomass, unlike energy. Therefore biomass-derived chemicals and materials are the only alternatives to crude oil derived chemical products, which means the future is promising for such applications of biomass. 

Qu YC, Wei XL, Zuo Y, et al. A novel catalyst-free process for producing hydrogen and carboxylate from biomass-derived alcohols. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2014 39 13136-13140. 

The majority of people in the world live by growing plants and processing their products. Today about 14% of the world s primary energy is derived from biomass - equivalent to 20 m barrels oil/day (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Predominant use s in the rural areas of developing countries where half the world s population lives, e.g. Kenya derives 3/4, India 1/2, China 1/3 and Brazil 1/4 of their total energy from biomass. A number of developed countries also derive a considerable amount of energy from biomass, e.g. Sweden 9% and USA 3%. Worldwide expenditure on biomass programmes is over 2 bn/year. 

Europe. Nearly all the countries in Europe have energy-from-biomass schemes. Why in Europe should we look seriously at biomass as a source of energy Currently the EEC derives over half its total energy requirements from imported oil. For Europe as a whole some substitution of imported liquid fuels is what makes biomass look so... 

Legrand, R. Warren, C. S. "Biogas generation from commimity-derived wastes and biomass in the U.S. " Paper presented at the Tenth Annual Energy-Sources Technology Conf. and Exhib. ASME Dallas, TX, 1987. 

Among liquid fuels (XTL), only biomass-derived hydrocarbons (BTL) are a relevant option from the perspective of lowering GHG emissions not so other fossil-based liquids (CTL, GTL). Even if CTL fuel supply paths were upgraded by carbon capture and storage, the resulting specific CCF-equivalent emissions would only be reduced to the level of conventional gasoline or diesel energy chains. 

The European Commission wants to have a contribution of 12% energy from renewable sources to the energy budget within the EC in 2010. The relative amount of bio-fuels will increase to a level of 5.75%, this is more than twice the corresponding use of oil. The US Department of energy has set goals to replace 30% of the liquid petroleum transportation fuels with biofuels and to replace 25% of industrial organic chemicals with biomass-derived chemicals by 2025 [7]. 

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