Chemical analysis mass spectrometry

For several decades before its application to chemical analysis, mass spectrometry was a major tool in fundamental physics. The invention of mass spectrometry is usually attributed to Joseph John Thomson, no relative to William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) whose picture appears above. In 1897 J.J. Thomson measured the ratio of the charge of an electron to its mass, thus confirming for the first time that this then-mysterious entity possessed properties characteristic of a particle. (It is interesting that his son G.P. Thomson later emulated his father by winning a Nobel Prize, but for demonstrating that the electron also possesses properties characteristic of a wave ). An account of the life and work of J.J. Thomson was published (Griffiths 1997) to commemorate the centenary of the first measurement of mass-to-charge of an elementary particle. 

GC/MS has been employed by Demeter et al. (1978) to quantitatively detect low-ppb levels of a- and P-endosulfan in human serum, urine, and liver. This technique could not separate a- and P-isomers, and limited sensitivity confined its use to toxicological analysis following exposures to high levels of endosulfan. More recently, Le Bel and Williams (1986) and Williams et al. (1988) employed GC/MS to confirm qualitatively the presence of a-endosulfan in adipose tissue previously analyzed quantitatively by GC/ECD. These studies indicate that GC/MS is not as sensitive as GC/ECD. Mariani et al. (1995) have used GC in conjunction with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to determine alpha- and beta-endosulfan in plasma and brain samples with limits of detection reported to be 5 ppb in each matrix. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of biological media are presented in Table 6-1. 

Chemical Analysis. The chemical composition of ancient objects is important for their authentication. The nature as well as the relative amounts of major, minor, and trace elements in any object are of use for determining the authenticity or otherwise of ceramics, glass, or alloys. A wide range of analytical techniques, depending on the nature of the material studied, have been used for this purpose, including X-rays fluorescence analysis, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and neutron activation analy-... 

McClure, TD and Liebler, DC, 1995. Electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass-spectrometry analysis of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and their oxidation products. J Mass Spectrom 30, 1480-1488. 

Desai,M.J., Armstrong, D.W. (2004). Analysis of native amino acid and peptide enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Mass. Spec. 39, 177-187. 

Carrizo D, Grimalt JO (2006) Rapid and simplified method for the analysis of polychlor-onaphthalene congener distributions in environmental and human samples by gas chromatography coupled to negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1118(2) 271-277... 

L6pez-Roldan P., de Alda M.J.L., and Barcelo D., 2004. Simultaneous determination of selected endocrine disrupters (pesticides, phenols and phthalates) in water by in-field solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the prototype PROFEXS followed by online SPE (PROSPEKT) and analysis by liquid chromatography-atomspheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 378 599. 

M. Kala, M. Kochanowski. The Determination of A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC) and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in Blood and Urine Using Gas Chromatography Negative Ion Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-NCI), Chemical Analysis (Warsaw), 51, 2006. 

Qin BH, Yu BB, Zhang Y, Lin XC. Residual analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil by gas chromatograph-electron capture detector (gc-ecd) and gas chromatograph-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Environ. Forensics 2009 10 331-335. 

Munson, M.S.B. Development of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2000, 200,243-251. Richter, W.J. Schwarz, H. Chemical Ionization - a Highly Important Productive Mass Spectrometric Analysis Method. Amgew. Chem. 1978,90,449-469. 

Byrdwell WC. 2001. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of lipids. Lipids 36 327. 

Jones JJ, Kidwell H, Games DE. 2003. Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of barbiturates by high-speed analytical countercurrent chromatography. Rapid Commun Mass Spec-trom 17 1565. 

Simpson JT, Torok DS, Girard JE, Markey SP. 1996. Analysis of amino acids in biological fluids by pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate derivatization and detection by electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 233 58. 

Watson DC, Midgeley JM, Chen RN, Fluang W, Bain CM, et al. 1990. Analysis ofbiogenic amines and their metabolites in biological tissues and fluids by gas-chromatographynegative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICIMS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 8 899. 

Tesche, F. Pickard, V. Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry practical approaches to their elimination. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003, 17, 1950—1957. 

A recent review [laj emphasizes the complexity of air pollutant samples and describes some of the techniques which have been recently developed for their analysis. Among these are a number of alternate ionization techniques for mass spectrometry. Positive and negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMSj are analytical tools which can provide significant assistance in solving these problems. Their application in a number of air pollution studies are discussed in this chapter. 

Tablets of famotidine, an anti-ulcer compound, were subjected to stress conditions in pack. Figure 9.34 indicates the profile obtained from analysis of an extract from the stressed tablets by LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (APCIMS). The structure of famotidine is shown in Figure 9.35.

Taylor, A.J., Linforth, R.S.T., Harvey, B.A., Blake, B. (2000) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for in vivo analysis of volatile flavour release. Food Chem. 71 327-338. 

J. D. Hearn and G. D. Smith, A Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for the Online Analysis of Organic Aerosols, Anal. Chem. 2004,... 

Analysis of Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry , Anal 49 (7), 1039—... 

Conventional electron impact or chemical ionization mass spectrometry requires that volatilization precede ionization and this is clearly a limiting factor in the analysis of many biochemically significant compounds. A newer ionization technique, field desorption (FD) (1, 2 ) removes this requirement and makes it possible to obtain mass spectrometric information on thermally unstable or non-volatile organic compounds such as glycoconjugates and salts. This development is particularly significant for those concerned with the analysis of glycolipids and we have therefore explored the suitability of field desorption mass spectrometry (FDMS) for this class of compounds. We have evaluated experimental procedures in order to enhance the efficiency of the ionization process and to maximize the information content of spectra obtained by this technique. 

B. Herbreteau, A. Salvador, M. Lafosse and M. Dreux, SFC with evaporative lightscattering detection and atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry for methylated glucoses and cyclodextrins analysis, Analusis 27 706-712 (1999). 

Martin, J.W., Muir, D.C.G., Moody, C.A., Ellis, D.A., Kwan, W.C., Solomon, K.R., Ma-bury, S.A., 2002. Collection of airborne fluorinated organics and analysis by gas chromatorgraphy/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74, 584-590. 

Mizuishi, K., Takeuchi, M. and Hobo, T. (1998) Trace metal analysis of tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds in seawater by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry./. Chromatogr. A, 800, 267-273. 

Foltz, R. L. 1978. Quantitative analysis of abused drugs in physiological fluids by gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In Quantitative Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences II, De Leenheer, A. P. Roncucci, R. R. Van Peteghem, C., eds., Amsterdam Elsevier, 39-62. 

Fouda, H. Nocerini, M. Schneider, R. Gedutis, C. 1991. Quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry the determination of the renin inhibitor CP-80,794 in human serum. / Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2,164-167. 

Rosenberg, E., V. Kmetov, and M. Grasserbauer. 2000. Investigating the potential of high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry as an alternative method for the speciation analysis of organotin compounds. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366 400-407. 

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