Triphenyltin compounds

It has been well established that triphenyltin compounds are broken down photochemically to inorganic tin via the di- and monophenyltin derivatives both under laboratory (505, 506) and natural (507) conditions. In soil, triphenyltin acetate is converted microbiologically (505) into inorganic tin, as is tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (502). The latter compound is also photochemically broken down to inorganic tin (502, 508). 

Scheme 1. Environmental-degradation scheme for tributyl- and triphenyltin compounds (.516).

IPOS (1999a) Triphenyltin compounds. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 13). 

Tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds are used as wood preservative fungicides, agrochemical fungicides, and as miticides and biocides in marine paints. 

Other chemicals evaluated but not yet adopted commercially include organophosphorus compounds, triphenyltin compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, carbamates and the precocene anti-juvenile hormones [517]. Although none of the above has found use as an insect-resist agent, several have been used as antimicrobial agents for textiles. 

Laughlin et al. [122] analysed chloroform extracts of tributyltin dissolved in seawater using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was shown that an equilibrium mixture occurs which contains tributyltin chloride, tributyl tin hydroxide, the aquo complex, and a tributyltin carbonate species. Fluorometry has been used to determine triphenyltin compounds in seawater [123]. Triph-enyltin compounds in water at concentrations of 0.004-2 pmg/1 are readily extracted into toluene and can be determined by spectrofluorometric measurements of the triphenyltin-3-hydroxyflavone complex. 

Tri-, di-, and monobutyl, and di- and monoethyltin compounds, did not fluoresce under the conditions used for the determination of triphenyltin. However, trimethyltin compounds react in a similar manner with 3-hydroxyl-flavone, and although the emission maximum is at approximately 510 nm, this is not sufficiently different from the emission maximum of triphenyltin compounds (approximately 495 nm) for these compounds to be determined in the presence of one another. 

Figure 8.1 Environmental degradation scheme tor tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds. (Modified from Smith, P.J. 1978b. Structure/Activity Relationships for Di- and Triorganotin Compounds. I.T.R.I. Rep. 569. 16 pp. Avail, from International Tin Research Institute, Greenford, Middlesex, U.K. and Eisler, R. 1989. Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.15). 83 pp.

Shim, W.J., J.R. Oh, S.H. Kahng, J.H. Shim, and S.H. Lee. 1998. Accumulation of tributyl- and triphenyltin compounds in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, from the Chinhae Bay system, Korea. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 41-47. 

Triglycidyl isocyanurate (No. 8, 1998) Triphenyltin compounds (No. 13,1999) Vanadium pentoxide and other vanadium compounds (No. 29, 2001)... 

Adinarayana et al. [46] determined triphenyltin compounds in plants and soil by thin-layer chromatography with biological detection. 

Lucero et al. [47] has previewed methods for the determination of triphenyltin compounds in soils. 

Bock R. 1981. Triphenyltin compounds and their degradation products. Residue Rev 79 1-270. 

Byington KH, Yeh RY, Forte LR. 1974. The hemolytic activity of some trialkyltin and triphenyltin compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27 230-240. 

Surface waters and sediments Tin Triphenyltin compounds MS-MS 500 ng absolute as Sn Miermans et al. (1997)... 

Non-elemental mass spectrometry has been increasingly used with HPLC for speciation studies. Tandem mass spectrometry (mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry, MS-MS) has been of particular interest in this area. In this type of system, two mass analysers are needed and it is used as a method of achieving fragmentation of ions generated in the ion source. Arsenic has been speciated by HPLC with ion spray MS-MS (Corr and Larsen, 1996) and Miermans et al. (1997) studied the application of various ionisation methods for the analyses of triphenyltin compounds by MS-MS. 

Miermans, C.J.H., Fokkens, R.H. and Nibbering, N.M.M. (1997) A study of the applicability of various ionisation methods and tandem mass spectrometry in the analyses of triphenyltin compounds. Anal. Chim. Acta, 340, 5-20. 

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