Central nervous system stimulants sympathomimetics

Eor antidepressant-induced rapid cycling, taper off antidepressant and other agents that increase norepinephrine or dopamine activity (e.g., central nervous system stimulants, sympathomimetics, and caffeine)... 

This sympathomimetic amine exudes similar pharmacologic activity as the amphetamines, resulting in central nervous system stimulation and appetite suppression. This drug is indicated for short-term use in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise in obese patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater following failed attempts of diet and exercise alone.40... 

Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that inhibits the peripheral reuptake of catecholamines, leading to increased sympathomimetic activity [129]. Its abuse is associated with a variety of medical problems. These include acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, cerebrovascular accidents, hyperpyrexia and stimulated sympathetic activity, seizures and coma, obstetrical comphcations, intestinal ischemia and a variety of psychiatric complications [128-131]. A number of reports in the mid to late 1980 s described patients who developed rhabdomyolysis while using cocaine [132-134]. Some of these patients experienced acute kidney injury [135-139]. While the exact incidence of acute kidney injury secondary to cocaine rhabdomyolysis is unknown, in one reported series it occurred... 

Mescaline causes hallucinogenic effects by stimulating serotonin and dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. The sympathomimetic effects of mescaline are probably also centrally mediated. Changes in catecholamine metabolism and adrenal medullary function may be responsible for the agent s... 

In addition, albuterol, like other sympathomimetic agents, can cause adverse reactions such as hypertension, angina, vomiting, vertigo, central nervous system stimulation, unusual taste, and drying or irritation of the orophar3mx. 

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic or central nervous system stimulant. It is a potent stimulator of a, pi and p2 adrenergic receptors. The effects include vasoconstriction, raised blood pressure and pulse, bronchodilation and diuresis. Ephedrine-based drugs are used as nasal decongestants, bronchodilators and in anaphylactic shock. In excess they cause insomnia, tachycardia and dizziness. 

Notably, pseudoephedrine is a diastereomer of ephedrine and considerably racemic ephedrine (dl-ephedrine) has not been found naturally, however, it is prepared synthetically and is inactive for commercial purposes. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are completely stable compounds under changing temperature conditions, but they are quite unstable when exposed to sunlight or in the presence of oxygen pressure [2]. The unique molecular structure of ephedrine causes its different stereoisomers to be valuable for pharmaceutical applications such as nasal decongestant, pupil dilator, bronchodilator, and central nervous system stimulant. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic substance and the principle mechanism of ephedrine activity is its influence, by enhancing the activity of noradren-alin, on post-synaptic a- and (3-receptors in the nervous system. Stimulation of a 1-adrenergic receptors produces contraction of vascular smooth muscle. 

Omission of the side chain hydroxyl group from molecules based on epinephrine or ephedrine does not abolish the sympathomimetic activity of the resulting compounds. Many of these agents exert a considerable stimulant action on the central nervous system. As such, drugs in this class have been widely used—and... 

Amphetamine and related compounds are indirect acting sympathomimetic agents that are frequently abused due to their stimulant properties on the central nervous system. Amphetamines act by inducing the... 

Isolated seizures that are not epilepsy can be caused by stroke, central nervous system trauma, central nervous system infections, metabolic disturbances (e.g., hyponatremia and hypoglycemia), and hypoxia. If these underlying causes of seizures are not corrected, they may lead to the development of recurrent seizures I or epilepsy. Medications can also cause seizures. Some drugs that are commonly associated with seizures include tramadol, bupropion, theophylline, some antidepressants, some antipsy-chotics, amphetamines, cocaine, imipenem, lithium, excessive doses of penicillins or cephalosporins, and sympathomimetics or stimulants. 

Mecfianism of Action A phenylalkylamine sympathomimetic with activity similar to amphetamines that stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) and elevates blood pressure (BP) most likely mediated via norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism. Causes stimulation of the hypothalamus. Therapeutic Effect Decreases appetite. Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of phendimetrazine tartrate has not been well established. Metabolized to active metabolite, phendimetrazine. Excreted in urine. Half-life 2-4 hr. 

Amphetamine stimulates the central nervous system, which suppresses the appetite. Most diet pills are sympathomimetics. They are similar to amphetamines, but are less powerful and have less potential for addiction. The sympathomimetics are benzphetamine, diethylpropion, mazindol, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, phentermine, and sibutramine. 

The exact mechanism of mescaline has not been clearly defined. The central nervous system effects of mescaline appear to involve stimulation of both serotonin and dopamine receptors. In experimental studies, these effects can be blocked by either serotonin antagonists such as methysergide or dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol. Mescaline is structurally related to the amphetamines and cathine (khat). Sympathomimetic effects can occur and are thought to be centrally mediated. Mescaline does not appear to inhibit monoamine oxidase. 

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are drugs that produce generalized stimulation of the brain or spinal cord which may lead to eonvulsion. They are of limited therapeutic value beeause of their convulsant activities. There are, however, some that are used as respiratory stimulants (e.g., Nikethamide) and others like the xanthine derivatives have many pharmacological actions and uses. Sympathomimetic amines like amphetamines and ephedrine, which are potent CNS stimulants, are discussed elsewhere. 

Several drugs specifically stimulate the central nervous system whieh are appropriately grouped together as anorexigenic or sympathomimetic agents. 

They examined the adrenaline-like effect of a large number of compounds, and they found, on the whole, that approximation to adrenaline in the chemical structure is linked with an increase and a sharper specificity of the action. Barger and Dale introduced the term sympathomimetic, which means that the effects produced resemble those obtained by stimulation of the so-called sympathetic system of nerves. The study of the sympathomimetic amines represents one of the earliest and most successful attempts to correlate pharmacological action with chemical structure. The sympathomimetic action includes rise of arterial blood pressure, stimulation of the heart muscle, constriction of the arterioles and either stimulation or inhibition of smooth muscle. Some of the drugs also stimulate the central nervous system. 

It might hardly be expected that the benzene ring of epinephrine 7.43) could ever be discarded, but tuaminoheptane 7.44) is a sympathomimetic drug with strong alpha-adrenergic activity, free from stimulation of the central nervous system. It is used as a nasal decongestant. 

Dexamphetamine is one of the most powerful and best known psychomotor stimulants, and other similar agents include dexfenfluramine. diethylpropion and fenfluramine. All these are on the controlled drugs list, and have a limited medical use as appetite suppressants. Such drugs work by interacting with the release of monoamines within the central (and peripheral) nervous system, and can be regarded as indirect SYMPATHOMIMEtics. Recently, there has been some use of the weak amphetamine-like stimulant methylphenidate to treat attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. 

Cocaine is a powerful psychomotor stimulant, commonly used as a drug of abuse. Its actions are very like those of the amphetamines. It works by blocking reuptake of catecholamines within the central (and peripheral) nervous systems and is an Indirect sympathomimetic. 

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine. These drugs are sympathomimetic amines that have a stimulating effect on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. They... 

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