Low-calorie diet

FIGURE 59-1. Pharmacotherapy treatment algorithm. A select population of individuals, based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) together with concurrent risk factors, may benefit from medication therapy as an adjunct to a program of weight loss that includes diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. (CHD, coronary heart disease DM, diabetes mellitus, HTN, hypertension INC WC, >40 inches for males and >35 inches for females LCD, low-calorie diet.)... 

During prolonged dieting by obese individuals on very low-calorie diets, there was a marked increase in sulfobromophthalein (BSP) reten-... 

Chronic digestive diseases, anemia, edema, nephritis, hypotension, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, poor nutrition or consuming a low calorie diet. 

Rheumatic heart disease, pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary emphysema, anemia, nephritis, drugs that inhibit heartbeat and reduce blood pressure, poor nutrition or having a low calorie diet. 

Individuals on very low-calorie diets, using the fats stored in adipose tissue as their major energy source, also have increased levels of ketone bodies in their blood and urine. These levels must be monitored to avoid the dangers of acidosis and ketosis (ketoacidosis). ... 

Almost all soft drinks are now available in low calorie , diet or light formulations. These products have a low calorie content and are usually cheaper to manufacture than the corresponding sugar-containing products. 

Szkudlarek J, Elsborg L (1993) Treatment of severe obesity with a highly selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor as a supplement to a low calorie diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17 681-683... 

Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E (1999) Longterm maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Am J Med 106 179-184... 

Healthy, low-calorie diets had a modest effect on blood pressure in overweight individuals with raised blood pressure, reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure on average by about 5-6 mmHg in trials. However, there is variation in the reduction in blood pressure achieved in trials and it is unclear why. About 40% of patients were estimated to achieve a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg systolic or more in the short term, up to 1 year (NICE, 2006). 

Clinical trials show that patients who adhere to a low-calorie diet and take orlistat lost on average 9-10 kg after one year (compared to 6 kg in those who took placebo) in the following year those who remained on orlistat regained 1.5-3.0 kg (4-6 kg with placebo). Orlistat has found a place in the management of obesity in the UK but, not surprisingly, this is subject to stringent guidance from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, namely that it be initiated only in individuals ... 

Nomura, F., Ohnishi, K., Ochiai, T., Okuda, K. Obesity-related nonalcohoUc fatty liver CT features and follow-up studies after low-calorie diet. Radiology 1987 162 845-847... 

Fisler, J, 5., and Drenick, E. J. (1984). Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate balances during very low calorie diets of soy or collagen protein in obese man Comparison to total fasting. Am. . Ctin. NuSr, 40, 14-25. 

Campbell DM, MacGillivray 1. The effect of a low calorie diet or a thiazide diuretic on the incidence of preeclampsia and on birth weight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975 82(7) 572-7. 

Adverse effects of mazindol occur with higher frequency and intensity in patients treated for longer periods of time and when it is combined with a low calorie diet (8). 

Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Foster GD, et al. Sertraline and relapse prevention training following treatment by very-low-calorie diet A controlled clinical trial. Obes Res 1995 3 549-557. 

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