Seizures caused

Complex Although the seizure is localized in a specific area of the brain, like a simple partial seizure, this seizure causes an alteration in the patient s level of consciousness. 

During phase I, each seizure causes a sharp increase in autonomic activity with increases in epinephrine, norepinephrine, and steroid plasma concentrations, resulting in hypertension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hyperthermia, sweating, and salivation. Cerebral blood flow is also increased to preserve the oxygen supply to the brain during this period of high metabolic demand. Increases in sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation with muscle hypoxia can lead to ventricular arrhythmias, severe acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis. These, in turn, could lead to hypotension, shock, hyperkalemia, and acute tubular necrosis. 

The neuromuscular junction and muscle are more resistant to changes in sodium concentration, to which they are minimally permeable at rest. In fact, the consequences of sodium disturbance relate instead to the role of this ion in maintaining the osmotic equilibrium between the brain and plasma and range from depression of consciousness, coma and seizures caused by hyponatremia, to brain shrinkage and tearing of superficial blood vessels due to excessive serum osmolarity due to hypernatremia. 

Absence Seizures. Most seizure disorders cause abnormal jerking movements called clonus. But absence (petit mal) seizures cause little or no abnormal movements. During an absence seizure, the patient does not fall to the ground, have obvious jerking movements, or lose control of bowel or bladder. Instead, a patient with absence seizures typically has a blank stare while becoming unaware of the surroundings for no more than a few seconds. When the seizure is over, alertness is restored. 

Other seizures Hydantoins are not indicated in seizures caused by hypoglycemia or other metabolic causes. 

Epilepsy is a chronic often progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Periodic and unpredictable epileptic seizures caused by the abnormal electrical discharge of neurones in various anatomic structures of the CNS is the characteristic feature. This is an approximate definition based on international classifications of seizures and syndromes which take into account the extremely variable clinical and electroencephalographic expression of the disease. The annual incidence of epilepsy is an estimated 20-70 cases per 100,000 inhabitants with a prevalence of 0.4-0.8%. Globally, incidence is higher during childhood, remaining rather stable... 

These adverse effects bear some similarity to those of the SSRIs. Although these adverse effects rarely require discontinuation, aggravation of psychosis and seizures caused by this agent do (427, 462, 463 and 464). In contrast to the SSRIs and venlafaxine, bupropion usually does not cause sexual dysfunction. As such, bupropion may be an alternative for patients bothered by these adverse effects (465). Bupropion may also be a useful antidote for SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction (4 53, 455, 466, 467). 

Deshauer D, Albuquerque J, Alda M, Grof P. Seizures caused by possible interaction between olanzapine and clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000 20(2) 283 1. 

Zeng, L.H., Xu, L., Reusing, N.R., Sinatra, P.M., Rothman, S.M., Wong, M. (2007). Kainate seizures cause acute dendritic injury and actin depolymerization in vivo. J. Neurosci. 27 11604-13. 

Myhrer, T. (2007). Neuronal structures involved in the induction and propagation of seizures caused by nerve agents implications for medical treatment. Toxicology 239 1-14. 

Armstrong DL, Battin MR. Pervasive seizures caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treatment with intravenous paraldehyde. J Child Neurol 2001 16(12) 915-17. 

Ohbo Y, Fukuzako H, Takeuchi K, Takigawa M. Argyria and convulsive seizures caused by ingestion of silver in a patient with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996 50(2) 89-90. 

Early signs of tricyclic antidepressant toxicity are due to anticholinergic effects and include tachycardia, mydriasis, dry mouth, low-grade fever, diminished bowel sounds, CNS excitation, and delirium. More serious toxicity is manifested by coma, respiratory depression, seizures, and cardiovascular toxicity including conduction disturbances, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, and asystole. Seizures cause hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and metabolic acidosis. Clinical deterioration can be rapid and catastrophic in patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Death most often occurs due to dysrhythmia and circulatory collapse. The typical therapeutic dose of a tricyclic antidepressant is 2-4 mg kg day Doses of 15-20 mg kg are potentially lethal. Therapeutic drug levels for most tricyclic antidepressants range from 100 to... 

Cox R, Krupnick], Bush N, et al Seizures caused by concomitant use of lindane and dextroamphetamine in a child with attention deficit hyperactivitiy disorder. ] Miss State Med Assoc 41 690-692, 2000... 

The preclinical investigation of a newly proposed antiepileptic in experimental animals typically involves the use of electrical stimulation (electroshock) to induce maximal generalized seizures (MES), and the systemic administration of convulsant drugs (e.g., pentylenetetrazole) to elicit minimal seizures. The use of animals genetically susceptible to seizures caused by light or specific noise is also prevalent [175]. The efficacy of the antiepileptic is then tested against the seizures induced. (For leading references see [175].)... 

Collins, R.C. and Olney, J.W. (1982). Focal cortical seizures cause distant thalamic lesions. Science 218 177-179. 

Of the effects listed, the most important in local anesthetic overdose (of both amide and ester types) concern the CNS. Such effects can include sedation or restlessness, nystagmus, convulsions, coma, and respiratory depression. Diazepam is used for seizures caused by local anesthetics, usually without significant effects on ventilation or circulation. The answer is (E). 

Which one of the following drugs has spasmolytic activity and could also be used in the management of seizures caused by overdose of a local anesthetic ... 

A. Control of tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus, generally as a seconder third-line agent after diazepam or phenytoln have been tried. Note For treatment of dmg-Induced seizures, especially seizures caused by theophylline, phenobarbital Is often tried before phenytoln. 

A. Acute management of seizures caused by intoxication with isoniazid (see p 233), hydrazine, Gyromitra mushrooms (p 271), or possibly cycloserine. Pyridoxine may act synergistically with diazepam (p 415). 

---