Stimulants amphetamines

It is also similar to the controlled stimulant amphetamine, which is norephedrine with the hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen. 

Stimulants amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy Psychedelics LSD, mescaline, magic mushrooms ... 

Recent controversy about the recreational abuse and potential therapeutic use of designer drugs has focused attention on MDA (methylenedioxyampheta-mine HCl) and structurally related phenylisopropylamine compounds, including MDMA istructural analogs of the psychomotor stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, and produce stimulant and/or hallucinogenic effects (Shulgin 1978). 

Noradrenergic antagonists such as phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, and propranolol had no effect on stimulant (amphetamine) self-administration (DeWit and Wise 1977 Risner and Jones 1976 Yokel and Wise 1976). 

The stimulation of locomotor activity by MDMA and the importance of mesolimbic dopamine in this response reflect similarities with the prototype phenylethylamine stimulant, amphetamine. It is important to note that these parameters are frequently associated with rewarding aspects of drugs and drug abuse. Additionally, the behavioral profiles of MDMA and I E share certain characteristics with hallucinogen-Iike agents. This unique mixture of stimulus properties and neurochemical actions may contribute to a dangerous behavioral toxicity and neurotoxic potential for drugs like MDMA. 

DA-augmenting agents (CNS stimulants amphetamines, cocaine, sympathomimetics DA agonists, releasers, and reuptake inhibitors)... 

The therapeutic uses of amphetamine are based on its ability to stimulate the CNS. The o-isomer (dextroamphetamine) is three to four times as potent as the L-isomer in producing CNS effects. It has been used in the treatment of obesity because of its anorexic effect, although tolerance to this effect develops rapidly. It prevents or overcomes fatigue and has been used as a CNS stimulant. Amphetamine is no longer recommended for these uses because of its potential for abuse. Amphetamine is useful in certain cases of narcolepsy or minimal brain dysfunction. 

Stimulants (amphetamines [Adderall, Dexedrine] and methylphenidate [Concerta, Ritalin]) increase alertness, attention, and energy. They also increase blood pressure and heart rate, constrict blood vessels, increase blood glucose, and open up the pathways of the respiratory system. Historically, stimulants were prescribed to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorders, and a variety of other ailments. As their potential for abuse and addiction became apparent, the prescribing of stimulants by physicians began to wane. Now, stimulants are prescribed for treating only a few health conditions, most notably ADHD, narcolepsy, and, in some instances, depression that has not responded to other treatments. 

Some of these drugs, such as Dexedrine, are derivatives of the illegal stimulant amphetamine. Some drugs, such as Adderall , are also used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD and actually contain a mixture of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine. 

When comparing the Knw values of the stimulant amphetamine for the solvents trichloromethane (chloroform, log Kjcvi = 2.20), n-octanol (log Kiovi = 1.80), and n-heptane (log lllw = 0.40), one can see that they differ quite substantially. Try to explain these differences. 

By contrast, the stimulant amphetamines, such as D-amphetamine and methylamphetamine, release dopamine from most brain regions. These drugs also inhibit the reuptake of all biogenic amines, but the effects on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems do not appear to be directly associated with the dependence potential of the drugs. 

Fenfluramine is an amphetamine that selectively stimulates the release of 5-HT and lacks dependence and stimulant properties. This drug is used as an anorexiant, a property which it shares with the stimulant amphetamines. 

The release of NTs into the synaptic cleft from exocytosing synaptic vesicles has been outlined above. Dopamine release is promoted by the stimulants amphetamine and tobacco-derived nicotine. The amphetamine-derived stimulants methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) promote dopamine and serotonin release (Table 6.2). 

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