Cellulosic textiles, properties

Graft and block copolymers of cotton cellulose, in fiber, yam, and fabric forms, were prepared by free-radical initiated copolymerization reactions of vinyl monomers with cellulose. The properties of the fibrous cellulose-polyvinyl copolymers were evaluated by solubility, ESR, and infrared spectroscopy, light, electron, and scanning electron microscopy, fractional separation, thermal analysis, and physical properties, including textile properties. Generally, the textile properties of the fibrous copolymers were improved as compared with the properties of cotton products. 

Soil Release. The modification of the physical properties of cellulosic textile products, particularly by crosslinking or treatment with polymeric... 

The modification of the properties of cotton cellulosic textile products, through free radical-initiated graft copolymerization reactions with vinyl monomers, has been investigated at the Southern Laboratory for a number of years (6, 9). In this chapter, we summarize the basic mechanisms and principles involved in free radical reactions of cellulose, initiated by high energy radiation, ceric ion in acidic solution, and aqueous solutions of ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide. Some of the properties of fibrous cotton cellulose graft copolymers are also presented. 

Native cotton is nearly pure cellulose the approximately 6% of minor constituents are usually removed during preparation for wet processing. The chemistry of cotton is therefore the chemistry of cellulose, but the effects of chemical changes on its textile properties depend on its supramolecular structure as well as on the nature of the changes themselves. The term degradation has been used in more than one sense. Originally, it implied a loss of tensile strength... 

Figure 1 shows the repeating glucose units of cellulose with the carbons labeled, including those with the reactive 2, 3, and 6 hydroxyls. Ihe most important reactions of cotton cellulose commercially are esterification and etherification, with the products of etherification ranking first. It is generally agreed today among textile scientists that durable press cellulosic textiles ow their smooth-drying and resilient properties to the reactivity of formaldehyde and its amide derivatives with cellulose to produce crosslinks between adjacent cellulose chains (Figure 2). Hovever, the theory that crosslinking was responsible for increased resiliency developed only after the treatmaits were in wide use.

Chem. Descrip. Cetethyl morpholinium ethosulfate CAS 78-21-7 EINECS/ELINCS 201-094-8 Uses Antistat, combing aid and detangling agent for hair care textile lubricant odor counteractant antistatic coating for cellulose acetate Properties Amber clear liq. 35% act. 

Chem. Descrip. Zinc borate CAS 1332-07-6 EINECS/ELINCS 215-566-6 Uses Flame retardant, smoke suppressant for plastisols, coatings for cellulosics, textiles, and adhesives synergist in PVC and halogenated polyester formulations, and in elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, polyamides, and polyolefins strong char promoter Properties Wh. free-flowing powd., nonhygroscopic 6 p avg. particle size 99.9% < 30 p sol. 0.5 g/100 ml water sp.gr. 2.50 bulk dens. 18.1 Ib/ff oil absorp. 39 ref. index 1.48 Zb -237 [Great Lakes]... 

Law, P.W. (2004) AppUcations of ceUulose acetate - ceUulose acetate in textile appUcation, in Cellulose Acetates Properties and AppUcations (ed. P. Rustemeyer), WUey-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 255-265. 

The outer cell wall is porous and contains almost all of the non-cellulose compounds, except proteins, inorganic salts and colouring matters and it is this outer cell wall that creates poor absorbency, poor wettability and other undesirable textile properties. In most applications, fibre bundles or strands are used rather than individual fibres. Within each bundle, the fibre cells overlap and are bonded together by pectins that give strength to the bundle as a whole. However, the strength of the bundle structure is significantly Iowct than that of the individual fibre cell and thus the potential of the individual fibres is not fully exploited. 

Crosslinking of cellulose, in heterogeneous systems, with formaldehyde or formaldehyde adducts of urea, melamine, or carbamates impart dimensional stability to cellulosic textile and paper products (Nicholson and Meritt 1985). A range of polymers, to obtain a better balance of properties for the commercial application of... 

For most textile uses, a DS <1 is desirable. Cyanoethylation can impart a wide variety of properties to the cotton fabric, such as rot resistance, heat and acid resistance, and receptivity to acid and acetate dyes. Acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile polymers (qv) has also been radiation-pol5unerized onto cotton with a °Co source. Microscopical examination of ultrathin sections of the product shows that the location of the polymer is within the fiber (120). Examination of the ir spectrum of cotton-containing polymerized acrylonitrile indicates that grafliing occurs at the hydroxyl site of the cellulose (121). Another monomer grafted onto cellulose by irradiation is styrene polymers (qv). Chemical properties, mechanisms, and textile properties of these grafted poisoners of cellulose have been summarized... 

Ciechanska, D., Struszczyk, H. and GuziAska, K., Enzymatic Modification of Cellulosic Fibre Properties by Cellulases and Xylanases , Annual Meeting COST Action 847 Textile Quality and Biotechnology , Madera, Portugal, 2001. Heikinheimo, L., Trichoderma Reesei Cellulases in Processing of Cotton, Doctoral Thesis, Tampere University of Technology, 5 December 2002, VTT Publications 483, Tampere 2002, 77 pp -i- app. 

Struszczyk, H., Ciechanska, D. and Wawro, D., Biotransformed Cellulose and its Potential Application , Fibres Textiles in Eastern Europe, 3, 47, 1995. Struszczyk, H., Schleicher, H. and Ciechahska, D., Direct Soluble Cellulose Celsol - Properties and Behaviour , Lenzing Berichte, 76, 81, 1997. 

Water vapor is the main sorbate used for the study of the sorption properties and structure of various cellulose materials such as cellulose powders, films, and fibers of regenerated cellulose, textile materials, pulp, paper, cardboard, and some other materials. Sorption of vapors is usually described through isotherms having various shapes that express the relative amount of sorbate in the sorbent A, g/g) as a function of relative vapor pressure (

constant temperature (Gregg et al., 1982]. To calculate sorption parameters and structural characteristics of sorbents, the obtained isotherms should be linearized by the appropriate equations corresponding to the assumed sorption mechanism. 

Uses Fixing agent for textile Industry Improving wet fastness props, of direct and reactive dyes on cellulosic fibers Properties LIq. 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

The bulk properties of regenerated cellulose are the properties of Cellulose II which is created from Cellulose I by alkaline expansion of the crystal stmcture (97,101) (see Cellulose). The key textile fiber properties for the most important current varieties of regenerated cellulose are shown in Table 2. Fiber densities vary between 1.53 and 1.50. 

The cellulose esters with the largest commercial consumption are cellulose acetate, including cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate. Cellulose acetate is used in textile fibers, plastics, film, sheeting, and lacquers. The cellulose acetate used for photographic film base is almost exclusively triacetate some triacetate is also used for textile fibers because of its crystalline and heat-setting characteristics. The critical properties of cellulose acetate as related to appHcation are given in Table 10. 

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