COST Action

Founded in 1971, COST is an intergovernmental framework for European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research, allowing the coordination of nationally funded research on a European level. COST actions cover basic and precompetitive research as well as activities of public utility. 

To emphasize that the initiative came from the scientists and technical experts themselves and from those with a direct interest in furthering international collaboration, the founding fathers of COST opted for a flexible and pragmatic approach. CO.ST activities have in the past paved the way for community activities, and its flexibility allows COST actions to be used as a testing and exploratory field for emerging topics. 

To date, there have been more than 1500 attendees and more than 500 technical papers or presentations delivered at these conferences. A critical mass of researchers, engineers, and scientists developed through the INVEN1 program in Finland, which started in 1991. These activities have expanded to include scientists, engineers, and practitioners from some 18 countries as part of the COST Action Program. 

Stawicki B, Read B (Hrsg.) (2010) The future of paper recycling in Europe opportunities and limitations. Final report of the COST action E48. Chapter 2.6.3 Recycling Deinking Lines, PITA, Greater Manchester... 

The work has been supported by EU 5 Framework Programme projects (QLK5-1999-01267, QLK3-2000-01528, QLK3-2001-01676) and by domestic sources (OTKA, FKFP, OMFB, OM KFHAT). International collaboration within the EU network COST Action 841 is greatly appreciated. 

Courhot, M., Craciun, A., Heudiard, A., Kieffer, P., Roosens, N., Saumitou-Laprade, P., Willems, G., and Verbruggen, N., 2004, Identification of genes involved in Cd tolerance in Cd hyperaccumulation, COST Action 859, WG2 Workshop - Exploiting -omics approaches in phytotechnologies, p. 11. 

C. Von Sonntag, G. Mark, H.P. Schuch-mann, J. Von Sonntag, and A. Tauber, COST Meeting Chemical Processes and Reactions Under Extreme or Non-Classical Conditions, COST action D6, 1998, 11-18, ISBN 92-828-1986-8. 

Authors would like to thank Dr. Leszek Meissner for numerous discussions, carefully reading the manuscript and many valuable comments and advices. We are also grateful to Dr. Pavel Mach for carefully reading the manuscript and his useful comments. This work was supported by the grant 1/1334/94 of the Slovak Grant Agency and the COST Action D3 project. 

The carefree disposal of waste that took place several years ago resulted in a public outciy and the creation of numerous, often quite complex regulations. Thus, the polluting source today must take a number of costly actions prior to the ultimate disposal of the waste. 

We thank the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Universite de Toulouse, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the COST action CM0802 PhoSciNet for financial support. Special gratitude is expressed to all the coworkers (whose names appear in the references) for their invaluable contribution. K. Miqueu, L. Maron, P.W. Dyer, F.P. Gabbal, S. Sabo-Etienne, O.V. Ozerov, and M. Takahashi are warmly acknowledged for fruitful collaboration. 

Financial support from the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Goran Gustafsson Foundation, and from the European COST Action CM0702 is gratefully acknowledged. 

The authors are indebted to H.-D. Meyer for support with the MCTDH calculations and to M. Doscher for performing the computations for Fig. 2. This work has been supported financially by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (H. K.), by the Hungarian Research Foundation (OTKA) Grant No. T032980 (P. G. S.) and by the European Community, COST Action D26. 

Gundert-Remy U, Dahl SG, Boobis A, Kremers P, Kopp-Schneider A, Oberemm A, Renwick A, Pelkonen O (2003) Molecular approaches to the identification of biomarkers of exposure and effect — report of an expert meeting organized by COST Action B15. Toxicol Lett, 156(2) 227-240. 

The most important set of volumes on the Maillard reaction are the books recording the papers presented at the international Maillard symposia, held about every four years, since the first, in Uddevalla, Sweden, in 1979.A (i Also important are the books resulting from the European cooperation in the field of science and technical research, COST Action 919.10-13 There are many other important books that deal with aspects of the Maillard reaction, and reference will be made to these, when papers in them are quoted. Three books specifically on the Maillard reaction are those by Baynes and Monnier,14 Ikan,15 and Fayle and Gerrard.16 Important review articles are those by Reynolds,17,18 Namiki,19 and Ledl and Schleicher.20... 

Also support and sponsorship concerted by COST Action D8/00097/97 (Biocoordination Chemistry) is kindly acknowledged. The authors wish to thank Johnson Matthey (Reading, UK) for their generous loan of K2PtCl4. 

There should be flexibility in the way a standard is applied to reflect the levels of uncertainty associated with the standard and the consequences of failure. If the consequences of failure are controversial or expensive, it makes sense to demand that failure is demonstrated with high confidence before such action is imposed on the unwilling. This gives the statistical benefit of the doubt to the polluter. If less dramatic action is to be imposed (e.g., a requirement for further studies), we might act on less confidence of failure. Costly action must not be imposed solely because a regulator has chosen not to monitor adequately. 

MAB acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry under grant CTQ2005-02802/PPQ and from the European Science Foundation COST Action D36/006/06. GM acknowledges support from the European Coordination Action Network "CONCORDE," the European Science Foundation COST Action D36/006/06, and Siid-Chemie AG. The authors are indebted to H. Knozinger for helpful discussions and to I. E. Wachs for providing recent results. 

Asada, Y., Ishimi, K., Tokumoto, M., Kohno, H. and Tomiyama M. 2005. Hydrogen Production by Co-cultures of Facultative Anaerobes and Photosynthetic Bacteria. Abstracts, COST Action 841 Workshop, Porto, Portugal. 

Acknowledgments We wish to thank the European Research Council (ERC StG n° 257099), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-09-BLAN-034-02), the CNRS, the icFRC, and the University of Strasbourg. We also acknowledge ESF-COST action on Systems Chemistry (CM0703). 

B. Zemva, A. Jesih, K. Lutar, In Chemical Processes, Reactions under Extreme or Non-classic Conditions, J.L. Luche, C. Balny, S. Benefice, J.M. Denis, C. Petrier (Eds.), European Commission, COST Action D6, 1996, p. 153. 

The ESF/COST (Action D25), the Czech Science Foundation (project203/05/2267), the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepubUc (project lAA 500200708) and the institutional research concept AV0Z50200510 (Institute of Microbiology) supported this work. 

I would like to thank all co-workers and members of the EU projects on Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, the Swiss project on asymmetric dihydroxylation for their dedicated work and excellent cooperation, and the following organizations for their support the COST Action D25 and the COST Office, the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research, the program SPP-Biotech of the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the EU Research Directorate General. 

The aspects discussed will mainly focus on progress resulting from the transnational cooperation by the research groups of the authors within a CERC3 research program in cooperation with the COST Action D25-Applied Biocatalysis. 

FOCUS, Leaching models and EU registration. Final report of the work group - Forum for the coordination of pesticide fate models and their use funded by the European Commission, The European Crop Protection Association and COST Action 66,1995, Deo. 4952A I/95. 

Such activities in Europe are widely dispersed and a COST Action seems to be the best approach to integrate, streamline and harmonize these national efforts towards a leap forward for new breakthroughs beneficial for a wide community of scientists and users. 

Acknowledgements This study is supported by the COST Action 728, EU FP7 MEGAPOLI and Danish CEEH projects. The author is grateful to a number of COST728, FUMAPEX and DMI colleagues, who participated in the above-mentioned projects, for productive collaboration and discussions. 

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