Forming fabrics

Vacuum forming Fabrication process in which plastic sheets are trans-... 

The processed pulp is converted into a paper product via a paper production machine, the most common of which is the Fourdrinier paper machine (see Figure 21.6). In the Fourdrinier system,3 the pulp slurry is deposited on a moving belt (made from polyester forming fabrics) that carries it through the first stages of the process. Water is removed by gravity, vacuum chambers, and vacuum rolls. This waste water is recycled to the slurry deposition step of the process due to its high fiber content. The continuous sheet is then pressed between a series of rollers to remove more water and compress the fibers. 

Other potential applications of PTT are in monofilaments, non-wovens, films, engineering thermoplastics and molded goods. Hsu [80] has patented paper forming fabrics made with PTT monofilaments for use in papermaking machines because this combines the chemical resistance of a polyester and the resiliency... 

Vacuum forming Fabrication process in which plastic sheets are transformed to desired shapes by inducing flow accomplished by reducing the air pressure on one side of the sheet. 

NIOSH. 1974. Survey of Burlington Industries, Inc. Burlington House Finishing Plant, Form Fabrics Plant, Durham Domestics Plant, Brookneal Finishing Plant. PB82-151077. 

DRAINING ON THE WIRE SECTION. The differences obtained when beating or refining under neutral/alkaline conditions can produce some unexpected changes in the behaviour of the stock as it drains on the forming fabric of the paper machine - a specially critical region of the process in terms of product quality and uniformity. 

Berries and leaves of certain plants have been used for centuries to provide the colors necessary to make wool, cotton, flax, silk, and other fabric fibers with an attractive shade differing from the natural colors of the materials. These colors were usually boiled with the formed fabric or yarn to impart color. Additional processes such as cooling the solution and/or the addition of lime, carbonate (chalk), or vinegar was found useful to set the color onto the fabric and impart some degree of fastness. 

Archaeological textiles occasionally occur in forms that mislead the analyst. The mineralized fabric evidence known as pseudomorphs after fabric is one such form. Fabric remains may be recovered in pieces crumpled together and may exhibit pronounced structural variation. In such instances, one cannot rely on a series of tests from one area of the fabric to identify characteristics of the entire fabric. 

Elastomeric fibers can be made out of natural rubber. Rubber latex, which is a suspension of rubber spheres in water, is mixed with a vulcanizing agent, and the mixture is wet spun. The fibers from the spinneret are extruded into a coagulating bath and then vulcanized to produce the cross-linking of chains. Such fibers are used in woven and knitted fabrics, and more often than not they are mixed with other textile fibers to form fabrics for garments. Most natural rubber fibers, however, have been supplanted by synthetic elastomeric fibers, especially in the area of athletic wear. This is attributable to the poor dyeability, abrasion resis-... 

Kastra, W.E. Palazzolo, R.D. Rowe, C.W. Giritliglu, B. Teung, P. Cima, M.J. Oral dosage forms fabricated by three-dimensional printing. J. Controlled Release 2000, 66, 11-17. 

Actinides are the most troublesome and hazardous HLW constituents due to long half-lives and toxicity. Most of actinides have multiple oxidation states U, Pu - III, IV, V, VI Np - IV, V Am, Cm - III, IV. Th exists in the tetravalent state only. At high temperature (1200-1500 °C) corresponding to conditions of the actinide waste forms fabrication tri- and tetravalent actinides states are the most typical [34]. In these forms they are close to Zx, and Ca in... 

An energy efficiency audit and a general pollution prevention assessment of the operations for a building industry, to determine if waste reduction and cost reduction are possible. Operations conducted at this facility include form fabrication, concrete mixing and pouring, and sand blasting and acid washing to impart the finish. These concrete slabs are formulated with a variety of sands and stone specific to the needs of the customer. 

Twin wire machines are Fourdrinier-type processes which are drained between the two forming fabrics or wires in a horizontal plane. There are also multiwire Fourdrinier types of machine in operation today. Figure 5.7 shows a twin wire system. 

Nonwoven spun-bonded They are distinguished from other nonwoven fabrics by a one-step operation that provides a complete chemical to fabric route. The process integrates the spinning, lay-down, consolidation, and bonding of continuous filaments to form fabrics. Its largest growth area is disposable diaper cover stock. 

Cima LG, Cima MJ (1996) Tissue regeneration matrices by solid free form fabrication techniques. US Patent 5518680... 

Various fabrication methods have been developed in order to attain the 3D scaffold characteristics. In the case of synthetic polymer or polymer-matrix composite scaffolds, the methods include [47] solvent casting and particle leaching, phase separation, extrusion, gas foaming, and free form fabrication. Each method presents certain advantages with respect to others, ranging from ease of manufacture to control of the microstructure/nanostructure. Solvent casting and phase separation methods have been studied at our laboratory. 

First, a 3D stmcture is designed using CAD software. Data obtained from computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical scans can be used to create a customized CAD model. This CAD model is then expressed in a series of cross-sectional layers. The complex scaffold architecture must be built using layer-by-layer (LBL) manufacturing processes known collectively as solid free-form fabrication (SFF). 

Moist granular ceramics produced by using the common forming methods, such as tape casting and extrusion, should be dried before the binder burnout and sintering. Drying is also a key step in solid firee-form fabrication techniques that involve layer-by-layer deposition of colloidal suspensions. 

J.M. Tian, Y. Zhang, X.M. Guo, L.M. Dong, Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite suspensions for solid free form fabrication, Ceram Int., 28, 299-302 (2002). 

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