Cellulose production statistics

Although in a general sense a large inoculum is another factor recommended, mainly for large-scale BNC processes [17], Zeng et al. reported that inoculum size (3% v/v to 9% v/v) did not affect the polymer production by A. xylinum according to statistical optimization studies performed in agitated fermentations. Also, Ruka et al. reported that cellulose production was not affected by the inoculum volume (0.25% v/v to 1.0% v/v) when G. xylinus was statically incubated in HS medium [15,27]. 

Zeng, X., Small, D.P., Wan, W., 2011. Statistical optimization of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001 from maple syrup. Carbohydrate Polymers 85 (3), 506—513. 

About half of the wodd production comes from methanol carbonylation and about one-third from acetaldehyde oxidation. Another tenth of the wodd capacity can be attributed to butane—naphtha Hquid-phase oxidation. Appreciable quantities of acetic acid are recovered from reactions involving peracetic acid. Precise statistics on acetic acid production are compHcated by recycling of acid from cellulose acetate and poly(vinyl alcohol) production. Acetic acid that is by-product from peracetic acid [79-21-0] is normally designated as virgin acid, yet acid from hydrolysis of cellulose acetate or poly(vinyl acetate) is designated recycle acid. Indeterrninate quantities of acetic acid are coproduced with acetic anhydride from coal-based carbon monoxide and unknown amounts are bartered or exchanged between corporations as a device to lessen transport costs. 

The natural sodium sulfate industry in the United States in 2003 involved two producers, one in California and the other in Texas. On the byproduct manufacturing side, sodium sulfate was recovered in 17 plants across the United States these included ascorbic acid manufacture, battery reclamation, cellulose, rayon, and silica pigments. Approximate consumption of sodium sulfate by end use was soap and detergents, 46 percent pulp and paper, 13 percent textiles, 12 percent glass, 11 percent and others, 23 percent. See Table 26.6 for statistics on sodium sulfate production and consumption. 

Austria. The Statistische Nachrichten (3), issued monthly, gives statistics on population, labor conditions, production, foreign trade, and wholesale prices. Production figures are given for caustic soda, chlorine, carbon dioxide, calcium carbide, lime-ammonium nitrate, acetylene (dissolved), oxygen, soda crystals, soaps and detergents, cellulose, rayon, and magnesite. 

The Italian chemical journal, Rassegna Chemica 50), contains articles on technical and industrial developments and on chemical markets in Italy. Monthly statistics on Italian chemical production (quoted from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce) include the following synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate, caustic soda, alumina, trichlorethylene, calcium carbide, carbon disulfide, explosives, superphosphates, ammonium sulfate, calcium cyanamide, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, copper sulfate, dyestuffs, ethyl alcohol, methanol, tanning extracts, tartaric acid, citric acid, wood pulp and cellulose, and sodium nitrate. 

A different approach to mathematical analysis of the solid-state C NMR spectra of celluloses was introduced by the group at the Swedish Forest Products Laboratory (STFI). They took advantage of statistical multivariate data analysis techniques that had been adapted for use with spectroscopic methods. Principal component analyses (PCA) were used to derive a suitable set of subspectra from the CP/MAS spectra of a set of well-characterized cellulosic samples. The relative amounts of the I and I/3 forms and the crystallinity index for these well-characterized samples were defined in terms of the integrals of specific features in the spectra. These were then used to derive the subspectra of the principal components, which in turn were used as the basis for a partial least squares analysis of the experimental spectra. Once the subspectra of the principal components are validated by relating their features to the known measures of variability, they become the basis for analysis of the spectra of other cellulosic samples that were not included in the initial analysis. Here again the interested reader can refer to the original publications or the overview presented earlier. ... 

Approximately 3 million metric tons of regenerated cellulose fibers production capacity existed in 2000 (Table 2). The leading producers of filament yams were the Chinese state-owned factories (118,000-t capacity), Acordis in Europe (69,0001), and the Russian plants (with 44,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were the Chinese with 480,0001, the Birla Group (India) with 408,0001, Lenz-ing (Austria, U.S.A., and Indonesia) with 315,000 t and Acordis with 170,000-t capacity split between the United Kingdom and North America, Formosa Chemicals and Fibers Co. with 162,000 t (in Taiwan). Acordis was formed in 1998 from the fiber businesses of Courtaulds and Akzo-Nobel following the takeover of Cour-taulds by Akzo, who later sold Acordis to a consortium of CVC Partners and Acordis management. (Note since these statistics were compiled, 100,000 ton of Acordis s viscose staple fiber capacity has closed.)... 

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides that are biosynthesized in large quantities in the majority of trees and terrestrial plants. An estimated annual production of hemicelluloses on the eardi is in die range of 60 billion tons. No statistics on the production of hemicelluloses in oceans and other aquatic systems are available. Hemicelluloses are the world s second most abundant family of pol3miers after cellulose and thus represent an enormous renewable resource that until now has been almost completely unused. 

---