Cellulose bacterial production

Bacterial cellulose synthesis by G. xylinus starts with the production of individual 3-(l- 4) chains between the outer and plasma membranes of the bacterial cell. A single G. xylinus cell may polymerize up to 200 000 glucose molecules per second into (3-(l- 4) glucan chains, followed by their release outwards through pores in the cell surface [ 14]. BC chains then assemble into protofibrils, with approximately 2-4 nm of diameter, that 

In addition, other efforts have been also devoted to the identification of cheap feedstocks as alternatives to the expensive conventional culture media, with pure compounds, for the economically viable production of BC [20]. In this context, several industrial wastes have already been effectively explored for the production of BC, as 

Another purpose of adding chemicals to the culture medium is the chemical modification of the structural and physical properties of bacterial cellulose, allowing the preparation of composites directly during biosynthesis and broadening the applications of cellulose [18], as will be discussed latter. 

Another important point to be taken into account in BC production is the cultivation method employed, once this affects the structure, physical and mechanical properties of the final material. Therefore, the selection must be made according to BC intended applications [37]. BC has been synthesized through a number of different routes, which are broadly classified into static and agitated processes. 

Under static conditions, and using suitable molds, it is possible to obtain uniform and smooth BC products with defined shapes, which can be employed for instance in the biomedical field [12] as artificial blood vessels [8] or artificial skin [40]. The moldability of BC during biosynthesis and shape retention is a feature that may enable the development of designed shape products directly in the culture media [8, 41], increasing the application range of BC. 

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A commercial bacterial cellulose product (CeUulon) was recently introduced by Weyerhaeuser (12). The fiber is produced by an aerobic fermentation of glucose from com symp in an agitated fermentor (13,14). Because of a small particle diameter (10 P-m), it has a surface area 300 times greater than normal wood cellulose, and gives a smooth mouthfeel to formulations in which it is included. CeUulon has an unusual level of water binding and works with other viscosity builders to improve their effectiveness. It is anticipated that it wiU achieve GRAS status, and is neutral in sensory quaUty microcrystaUine ceUulose has similar attributes. 

Kouda, T., et al. (1997). Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide pressmes on bacterial cellulose production by acetobacter in aerated and agitated culture. J. Fermentation Bioengineering, 84, 2, 124-127. 

Bacterial Cellulose Production hy Acetobacterxylinum Strains from Agricultural Waste Products... 

Samples were collected at regular intervals for 2 weeks of fermentation to quantify cell mass, substrate consumption, and bacterial cellulose production. The cells were collected after centrifugation at 9,200 xg force for 30 min at 4 °C. The cell mass was estimated by... 

Fig. 3 Rates of bacterial cellulose production during the course of fermentation on a coconut juice and b pineapple juice...

Shoda M. Sugano, Y. Recent advances in bacterial cellulose production. Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng. 2005,10 (1), 1-8. 

Matsuoka, M., Tsuchida, T., Matsushita, K., Adachi, O., Yoshinaga, F. A synthetic medium for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum subsp. sucrqfermentans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60(4), 575-579 (1996)... 

Kongruang, S. Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum strains from agricultural waste products. Appl. Biocherrr. Biotechnol. 148(1-3), 245-256 (2(X)8)... 

Jung, J.Y., Park, J.K., Chang, H.N. Bacterial cellulose production by Gluconoacetobacter hansenii in an agitated culture without living non-cellulose producing cells. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 37(3), 347-354 (2005)... 

Keshk, S.M., 2014. Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial applications. 

Cheng H.P., Wang P.M., Chen J.W., Wu W.T., Cultivation of Acetobacter xylinum for bacterial cellulose production in a modified airlift reactor, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 35, 2002, 125. 

Schumann DA, Wippermaim J, Klemm DO et al (2009) Artificial vascular implants frran bacterial cellulose preliminary results of small arterial substitutes. Cellulose 16 877-885 Seydibeyoglu MO, Oksman K (2008) Novel nanocomposites based on polyurethane and micro-fibrillated cellulose. Compos Sci Technol 68 908-914 Shoda M, Sugano Y (2005) Recent advances in bacterial cellulose production. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 10 1-8... 

Keshk, SM.A.S., Razek, T., Sameshima, K., 2006a. Bacterial cellulose production horn beet molasses. African Journal of Biotechnology 5 (17), 1519. 

Keshk, S.M.A.S., 2014b. Vitamin C enhances bacterial cellulose production in Gluconaceto-bacter xylinus. Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 98—100. 

Wu, J.-M., Liu, R.-H., 2012. Thin stillage supplementation greatly enhances bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Carbohydrate Polymers 90 (1), 116-121. 

Zeng, X., Small, D.P., Wan, W., 2011. Statistical optimization of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001 from maple syrup. Carbohydrate Polymers 85 (3), 506—513. 

Chao, Y., Ishida, T., Sugano, Y., Shoda, M., 2000. Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum in a 50-1 internal-loop airlift reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 68, 345-352. 

Kouda, T., Naritomi, T., Yano, H., Yoshinaga, F., 1998. Inhibitory effect of carbon dioxide on bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter in agitated culture. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 85, 318—321. 

Premjet, S., Ohtani, Y., Sameshima, K., 1994. The contribution of high molecular lignosulfonate to the powerful bacterial cellulose production system with Acetobacter xylinum ATCC10245. SEN GAKKAISHI 50, 64-69. 

CIS Bacterial cellulose production in an Bacterial cellulose Gluconacetobacter hansenii, Clothing, pulp, and [45]... 

Additives could be used as cheap ways of increasing cellulose production. Together with appropriate carbon and nitrogen sources and culture conditions, combinations of additives may maximize bacterial cellulose production, and be useful for commercial applications. 

G. Joseph, Studies of Bacterial Cellulose Production in Agitated Culture, p. xv, London, Ontario, 115 leaves (2001). 

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