Cellulose Chlorinated solvents

Cellulose acetate butyrate is not affected by dilute acids and alkalies or gasoline, but chlorinated solvents cause some swelhng. Nylons resist many organic solvents but are attacked by phenols, strong oxidizing agents, and mineral acids. 

Several nitrate paraffins (e.g., nitromethane, nitroethane and nitropropane) are used as solvents for cellulosic resins and for vinyl and epoxy surface coatings. Nitromethane is also used as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. It is estimated that the annual consumption of nitric acid for nitroparaffin production is in the 30,000 tonne per year range. 

Use Solvent for vinyl resins dyes for leather chlorinated rubber cellulose esters solvent softener for nylon vegetable oils coupling agent organic synthesis. 

It should be noted that relative affinities of the different actives for cotton hold in water only. DHTDMAC affinity for cellulose is small in organic solvents such as isopropyl alcohol or chlorinated solvents, which readily dissolve it higher amounts of active must then be involved to observe a significant deposition [15]. 

AI3-00111 CCRIS 1205 EINECS 200-876-6 HSDB 106 Methane, nitro- NM Nitrocarbol Nitrometan Nitromethane NSC 428 UN1261. Stabilizer for chlorinated solvents chemical intermediate solvent for cellulosic compounds, polymers, waxes rocket fuel, gasoline additive in coatings industry. Liquid mp = -28.5" bp = 101.1" d = 1.1371 soluble in H2O (10 g/100 ml), soluble in organic solvents LD50 (rat orl) = 1.44 g/kg. Grace W.R. Co. Whittaker Clark Daniels. 

MAJOR USES Used as an industrial solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, oils, resins, waxes, dyes, other organic and inorganic compounds used as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. 

One important variation of this general procedure which is in commercial practice is the use of a chlorinated solvent, such as methylene chloride, as the solvent in the reaction. Since methylene chloride has a low boiling point, the temperature of the reaction is controlled by refluxing. Andther process, which has been used to a lesser degree, is a fibrous acetylation process. In this ipethod, the reaction is carried out in the presence of several parts of benzene or a similar nonsolvent. The cellulose does not dissolve, but is converted to cellulose triacetate while remaining in fibrous form. The catalyst in this process is getaerally perchloric acid. 

Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose esters, oils, waxes, resins, and numerous organic and inorganic substances. It is also used in coatings and as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. 

Between 1914 and 1918, solvent and general chemical production had been geared to the needs of war. At war s end, the chemical surpluses included, in addition to phenol and cellulose acetate, the acetone and butanol from the Weizmann fermentation process and chlorine from poison gas production. The latter, made by electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, became the basis of the British chlorinated solvents industry. Here the outstanding firm was Albright Wilson, which began manufacture of carbon tetrachloride in 1925. Cleaning and degreasing processes led to production of trichloroethylene, for which demand increased dramatically between 1928 and 1936. The principal manufacturer was Weston Co., later taken over by ICl. 

Schutzenberger first attempted to acetylate cellulose in 1865, but found the reaction too difficult to control. Treatment with acetic acid and acetic anhydride resulted in replacement of all three hydroxyl groups in cellulose with acetyl groups (—OCOCH3) to form the triacetate, a material with poor mechanical properties and only soluble in expensive chlorinated solvents. It was discovered... 

Uses Intermediate for Friedel-Crafts synthesis stabilizer for chlorinated solvents fuel additive specialty solvent for coating, adhesive, and Ink formulations solvent for cellulose esters, vinyl, alkyd, other resins and waxes propellant raw material for pharmaceutical synthesis (ot-me-thyldopa, a hypertensive drug, phenylpropanolamine, in bronchial decongestants and appetite suppressants)... 

Many cellulose derivatives form lyotropic liquid crystals in suitable solvents and several thermotropic cellulose derivatives have been reported (1-3) Cellulosic liquid crystalline systems reported prior to early 1982 have been tabulated (1). Since then, some new substituted cellulosic derivatives which form thermotropic cholesteric phases have been prepared (4), and much effort has been devoted to investigating the previously-reported systems. Anisotropic solutions of cellulose acetate and triacetate in tri-fluoroacetic acid have attracted the attention of several groups. Chiroptical properties (5,6), refractive index (7), phase boundaries (8), nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (9,10) and differential scanning calorimetry (11,12) have been reported for this system. However, trifluoroacetic acid causes degradation of cellulosic polymers this calls into question some of the physical measurements on these mesophases, because time is required for the mesophase solutions to achieve their equilibrium order. Mixtures of trifluoroacetic acid with chlorinated solvents have been employed to minimize this problem (13), and anisotropic solutions of cellulose acetate and triacetate in other solvents have been examined (14,15). The mesophase formed by (hydroxypropyl)cellulose (HPC) in water (16) is stable and easy to handle, and has thus attracted further attention (10,11,17-19), as has the thermotropic mesophase of HPC (20). Detailed studies of mesophase formation and chain rigidity for HPC in dimethyl acetamide (21) and for the benzoic acid ester of HPC in acetone and benzene (22) have been published. Anisotropic solutions of methylol cellulose in dimethyl sulfoxide (23) and of cellulose in dimethyl acetamide/ LiCl (24) were reported. Cellulose tricarbanilate in methyl ethyl ketone forms a liquid crystalline solution (25) with optical properties which are quite distinct from those of previously reported cholesteric cellulosic mesophases (26). 

Methylene chloride (dichloromethane, methylene dichloride) n. CH2-CI2. A low-boiling chlorinated hydrocarbon which is a colorless, fairly dense, non-flammable liquid used as a solvent for cellulose triacetate and vinyl resins, a solvent in the polymerization of polycarbonate resins, and as a reactant for certain phenolic resins. It was widely used as a paint stripper and solvent for cured epoxy resins, but is less used now in the effort to keep chlorinated solvents... 

Incineration. For carbonaceous or cellulosic-based sorbents loaded with certain classes of contaminants, incineration provides an opportunity to destroy the contaminants/adsorbent and generate waste heat. For certain organics, such as chlorinated solvents or amines, special incineration and treatment systems should be employed due to the potential formation of NO f, hydrogen chlorine, dioxins, and furans. 

Dioxolane is used to dissolve a wide spectrum of polymeric materials such as acrylates, alkyds, cellulosics, epoxys, polycarbonates, polyesters, urethanes, and vinyl resins. In many cases, 1,3-dioxolane solvent can replace the chlorinated solvents that were used previously to dissolve many of these polymers. The excellent solvency of 1,3-dioxolane for polymeric compositions makes this cyclic ether a valuable component in paint remover formulations. 

Other applications in HCl include the breaking down of cellulose in the food industry and the polymerization of ethylene chloride, which is carried out in HCl and chlorinated solvents. 

Solvents promote adhesion to solvent-sensitive adherends (plastic films and reconstituted cellulose films) by swelling and partially dissolving them, thus allowing the adhesive to wet and/or penetrate the surface. Coated adherends that resist adhesion, such as printed, lacquered, or waxed papers, may also be partially dissolved by solvents to promote adhesion. (Chlorinated solvents are particularly effective on waxed surfaces). 

Acetylation in heterogeneous phase (catalyzed by mineral acids) is so called when the diluent is not a solvent of cellulose acetate. Toluene or carbon tetrachloride are such liquids. Under such conditions the original fibrillary structure is reasonably well-preserved because there is less degradation of the constituting chains. Cellulose acetates with 1.6 < D.S. < 2.0 are soluble in many solvents (acetone, esters, chlorinated solvents) and can be plasticized by alkyl phosphates or phthalates to give thermoplastic materials exhibiting a good impact resistance. 

Uses Plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, chlorinated rubber, cellulosic coatings, PVAc, PVB, PVC, PVP, PVdC, poly(acrylate/methacrylate) defoamer in proteinaceous sol ns. improves It. stability in cellulose acetate solvent for household, l l cleaners solvent, film-former, plasticizer in inks, adhesives, coatings food-pkg. adhesives lubricant Reguiatory FDA 21CFR 175.105 kosher... 

CH2CI2. A colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour b.p. 4I°C. Prepared by heating chloroform with zinc, alcohol and hydrochloric acid manufactured by the direct chlorination of methane. Decomposed by water at 200°C to give methanoic and hydrochloric acids. Largely used as a solvent for polar and non-polar substances, particularly for paint removal (30%), dissolving cellulose acetate and degreasing (10%). It is more stable than carbon tetrachloride or chloroform especially towards moisture or alkali. It is somewhat toxic. U.S. production 1981 280000 tonnes. 

---