Carotenoid in human serum

Lycopene is the major pigment in tomatoes and is one of the major carotenoids in the human diet. It also accounts for 50% of the carotenoids in human serum. Tomato products are widespread in diets around the world and are highly prized for their flavor and color contributions. 

Gueguen S, Herbeth B, Siest G and Leroy P, An isocratic liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection for the simultaneous determination of a-tocopherol, retinol, and five carotenoids in human serum. J Chromatogr Sci 40 69-76 (2002). 

Barua, A.B. 2001. Improved normal-phase and reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography procedures for the analysis of retinoids and carotenoids in human serum, plant and animal tissues. J. Chromatogr. A 936 71-82. 

The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the carotenoids are not well understood, and their bioavailabUity is associated with much interindividual and intraindividual variation (281). p-Carotene, a-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein are the major carotenoids in human serum, and lycopene and p-carotene are the major carotenoids in other human tissues (282). Small amounts of zeax-anthin, phytofluene, and phytoene are also found in various organs. Various carotenoids tend to be present in similar ratios in human plasma and tissues (282, 283). The carotenoids are safe and even long-term intake of 180 mg of p-carotene per day did not lead to hypervitaminosis. When large amounts of carotenoids are stored in the adipose and other lipid-rich tissues, they may cause reversible yellowing of the... 

Sharpless, K.E., Thomas, J.B., Sanders, L.C., and Wise, S.A. 1996. Liquid chromatographic determination of carotenoids in human serum using an engineered C30 and a C18 stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. B 678, 187-196. 

Cornwell, D. G., Kruger, F. A., and Robinson, H. B. (1962). Studies on the absorption of beta-carotene and the distribution of total carotenoid in human serum lipoproteins after oral administration. J. Lipid Res. 3, 65-70. 

AB Barua, RO Batres, HC Furr, JA Olson. Analysis of carotenoids in human serum. J Micronutr Anal 5 291-302, 1989. 

AB Barua, D Kostic, JA Olson. New, simplified procedures for the extraction and simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of retinol, tocopherols and carotenoids in human serum. J Chromatogr 617 257-264, 1993. 

L Yakushina, A Taranova. Rapid HPLC simultaneous determination of fat-soluble vitamins, including carotenoids, in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 13 715-718, 1995. 

Breithaupt, D.E. and Schwack, W., Determination of free and bound carotenoids in paprika Capsicum annuum L.) by LC/MS, Eur. Food Res. TechnoL, 211, 52, 2000. Epler, K.S., Ziegler, R.G., and Craft, N.E., Liquid chromatographic method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in human serum and in food, J. Chrvmatogr, 619, 37, 1993. 

Bone, R. A., J. T. Landrum et al. (2003). Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J. Nutr. 133(4) 992-998. 

The absorption and bioavailability of both lutein and zeaxanthin were studied and their epimeric isomers were found in human serum. Much evidence shows that a high intake of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables might be associated with a reduction in the risk of lung cancer, and in particular that a-carotene rather than -carotene may be associated with that reduced risk. 

Epler, K.S. Ziegler, R.G. Craft, N.E. 1993. Liquid chromatographic method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in human serum and in food. J. Chromatogr. Biomed. 619 37-48. 

In a 1997 publication, we reported the relative distribution of 13 major dietary carotenoids in the serum of 10 healthy human subjects with a high intake of fruits and vegetables." The concentrations of the 12 dietary cii-carotenoids were combined and reported together with 13 of their corresponding all-trani-compounds. The average distribution of serum carotenoids for these subjects were lutein (20%), lycopene (20%), P-carotene (10%), -carotene (10%), P-cryptoxanthin (8%), phyto-fluene (8%), a-carotene (6%), a-cryptoxanthin (4%), phytoene (4%), zeaxanthin... 

Coenzyme QIO is a powerful antioxidant naturally occurring in the mitochondria of myocardium, and it is an electron carrier in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP. Patients with heart failure have lower myocardial levels of coenzyme QIO, but supplementation has been demonstrated to have variable benefits in randomized controlled trials. One meta-analysis on the use in congestive heart failure showed improvements in stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end diastolic volume index. " Another antioxidant associated with beneficial effects in cardiac patients is lycopene, a natural constituent of tomatoes. Lycopene is the major carotenoid found in human serum, and epidemiological studies have indicated an effect of dietary supplementation in reducing heart disease. Few dietary interventions have been reported one study showed a mild but significant hypocholesterolemic effect, and another showed a significant reduction in LDL oxidation. " Animal studies show an antiatherogenic effect of DHEA, and a review of the clinical trials and studies on DHEA in males with coronary heart disease reported a favorable or neutral effect. Plasma levels of DHEA are decreased in patients with chronic heart failure in proportion to its severity. ... 

Eahsoluble vitamins, carotenoids, and cholesterol in human serum. ... 

Aust O, Sies H, Stahl W, Polidori M (2001) Analysis of hpophilic antioxidants in human serum tmd tissues tocopherols and carotenoids. J Chromatogr 936 83-93 Rodriguez-Amaya DB (2001) A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods. ILSI Press, Washington... 

Table 3 HPLC Systems Recently Used in the Analysis of Carotenoids in Human Plasma or Serum...

Recovery experiments were carried out with spiked blood serum samples and were in the range 94 3 to 96 5%. To determine the accuracy of the method, two level certified reference materials were analyzed fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and cholesterol in human serum (SRM 968c, from NIST, Gaithersburg, MD). Values of 11.21 0.47 and 18.15 0.8 pg/mL (levels I and II, respectively) were obtained for vitamin E, which were in good agreement with certified values of 11.501 0.618 and 18.887 0.931 pg/mL. 

Aust, O., H. Sies, W. Stahl, and M. C. Polidori. 2001. Analysis of lipophilic antioxidants in human serum and tissues Tocopherols and carotenoids. J. Chromatogr. A 936 83-93. 

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