Antiatherogenic effects

Carew, T.E., Schwenke, D.C. and Steinberg, O. (1987). Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hyper-cholesterolaemic effect evidence that antioxidants in vim can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macroph -rich fatty streaks slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7725-7729. 

Saarto T, Blomqvist C, Ehnholm C, Taskinen MR, Elomaa I (1996) Antiatherogenic effects of adjuvant antiestrogens a randomized trial comparing the effects of tamoxifen... 

ApoA-1 is the major structural lipoprotein component of HDL particles. Transgenic over-expression of apoA-1 has been well documented to correlate very strongly with antiatherogenic effects seen in a number of animal models [89-91]. The genetic deficiency of apoA-1 in humans has also been linked to low levels of HDL and premature atherosclerosis [90-92]. It is believed that infusion of apoA-1 enhances the ABCAl-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages [93]. During the last decade, significant efforts have been spent to find small... 

CN147 Sethupathy, S., C. Elanchezhiyan, K. CN156 Vasudevan, and G. Rajagopal. Antiatherogenic effect of taurine in high fat diet fed rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2002 ... 

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) exert several antiatherogenic effects. They participate in pathways that retrieve cholesterol from the artery wall and inhibit the oxidation of atherogenic lipoproteins. Low levels of HDL (hypoalphalipoproteinemia) are an independent risk factor for coronary disease. The use of drugs that increase levels of HDL is indicated in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. 

Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Egger, G., Oberhollenzer, M., and Aichner, F. (1994). Alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis Evidence of dose-dependent atherogenic and antiatherogenic effects. Results from the bruneck study. Stroke 25,1593-1598. 

The areas of the aortic lesions are compared between control and treatment groups. Appropriate statistical evaluation is performed and percent inhibition (antiatherogenic effect) or percent increase of areas with lesions (atherogenic effect) can be calculated. 

Pine nuts (pinon or pignolia) are the edible seeds within the pine cone of several varieties of pine trees (Pinus sp.) but most commonly Pinus pinea or stone pine . Pine nuts are harvested all over the world, most notably in Russia, China, North Korea, Spain, Italy, and Turkey, among others. Pine nuts contain 48-61% lipids by weight (1, 60). Other constiments of pine nut include carbohydrate (19.3%), protein (11.6%), water (5.9%), and ash (2.2%) (1). Pine nut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (46.4%) and oleic acid (38.1%). Maritime pine nut Pinus pinaster) oil also contains two fatty acids that are unique among tree nut oils pinoleic acid and sciadonic acid (Figure 2), which exist at 7% each in pine nut oU and may have antiatherogenic effects (Table 8) (63). The phenolic acid composition of defatted pine nut meal is given in Table 2 and shows that caffeic acid is the predominant phenolic compound (14). 

Coenzyme QIO is a powerful antioxidant naturally occurring in the mitochondria of myocardium, and it is an electron carrier in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP. Patients with heart failure have lower myocardial levels of coenzyme QIO, but supplementation has been demonstrated to have variable benefits in randomized controlled trials. One meta-analysis on the use in congestive heart failure showed improvements in stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end diastolic volume index. " Another antioxidant associated with beneficial effects in cardiac patients is lycopene, a natural constituent of tomatoes. Lycopene is the major carotenoid found in human serum, and epidemiological studies have indicated an effect of dietary supplementation in reducing heart disease. Few dietary interventions have been reported one study showed a mild but significant hypocholesterolemic effect, and another showed a significant reduction in LDL oxidation. " Animal studies show an antiatherogenic effect of DHEA, and a review of the clinical trials and studies on DHEA in males with coronary heart disease reported a favorable or neutral effect. Plasma levels of DHEA are decreased in patients with chronic heart failure in proportion to its severity. ... 

Nashed, B. et ah, Antiatherogenic effects of dietary plant sterols are associated with inhihition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in Apo E-KO mice, J. Nutr, 135, 2438, 2005. 

Carew, TJi., Schwenke, D.C., and Steinberg, D. (1987) Antiatherogenic Effect of Probucol Unrelated to Its Hypocholes-terolemic Effect Evidence that Antioxidants In Vivo Can Selectively Inhibit Low Density Lipoprotein Degradation in Macrophage-Rich Fatty Streaks and Slow the Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84,7725-7729. 

As discussed below, antioxidants can inhibit atherosclerosis in some experimental animal models (Section E.6). Much of the current research in this area is directed at accumulating evidence to support the potential antiatherogenic effects of antioxidants as preventive measures to slow atherosclerosis by inhibiting LDL oxidation in vivo. 

Mary NK, Babu BH, Padikkala J (2003) Antiatherogenic effect of Caps HT2, a herbal ayurvedic medicine formulation. Phytomedicine 10 474-482... 

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