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Cardiac pacemakers power source

Cardiac Pacemakers and Mechanical Hearts—-A. Bibliography of Radioisotope Power Sources, TID-3336, Technical Information Center, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., 1973. [Pg.205]

Because normal radioisotopic decay lowers the thermal output by about 2.5%/yr in these units, they are purposefully overdesigned for beginning of life conditions. Several of these generators have successfully operated for as long as 28 years. This is approximately equal to the half-life of the strontium-90 isotope used in the heat sources. The original SNAP-7 series immobilized the strontium-90 as the titanate, but the more recent ones have used it in the form of the fluoride, which is also very stable. A number of tiny nuclear-powered cardiac pacemaker batteries were developed, which have electrical power outputs of 33—600 p.W and have been proven in use (17). [Pg.509]

Silver, copper and other oxosalts have been extensively studied as cathodes in laboratory cells commercial power sources, principally for pacemakers, using silver chromate were manufactured until the 1980s, and silver vanadate or silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V4On), first reported by workers at Wilson Greatbatch Ltd, is currently used as cathode in implantable cardiac defibrillator batteries. [Pg.121]

The primary use for plutonium (Pu) is in nuclear power reactors, nuclear weapons, and radioisotopic thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Pu is formed as a by-product in nuclear reactors when uranium nuclei absorb neutrons. Most of this Pu is burned (fissioned) in place, but a significant fraction remains in the spent nuclear fuel. The primary plutonium isotope formed in reactors is the fissile Pu-239, which has a half-life of 24 400 years. In some nuclear programs (in Europe and Japan), Pu is recovered and blended with uranium (U) for reuse as a nuclear fuel. Since Pu and U are in oxide form, this blend is called mixed oxide or MOX fuel. Plutonium used in nuclear weapons ( weapons-grade ) is metallic in form and made up primarily (>92%) of fissile Pu-239. The alpha decay of Pu-238 (half-life = 86 years) provides a heat source in RTGs, which are long-lived batteries used in some spacecraft, cardiac pacemakers, and other applications. [Pg.2034]

Implantable stimulation systems use an encapsulated pulse generator that is surgically implanted and has subcutaneous leads that terminate at electrodes on or near the desired nerves. In low power consumption applications such as the cardiac pacemaker, a primary battery power source is included in the pulse generator case. When the battery is close to depletion, the pulse generator has to be surgically... [Pg.247]

Lithium-iodine (Li/12) was proposed as a power source for implantable cardiac pacemakers in 1971 [12]. The first pacemaker run by a cell was implanted in 1972 [6]. These cells were originally developed as more reliable and longer lived alternative to the zinc-mercuric oxide cells (see below) used in implantable cardiac pacemakers since they were introduced in 1960 and on into the mid-1970s. However, Li/l2 cells have been the dominant power source for implantable cardiac pacemakers for more than 30 years. [Pg.366]

Although no longer used, zinc-mercuric oxide (Zn/HgO) cells were the power source of choice for the first commercially viable implantable cardiac pacemakers. More than 3 million Zn/HgO cells were implanted in the 16 years from when the first successful cardiac pacemaker was implanted in 1960 and 1976 [20]. They helped many bradycardia patients until they were eventually supplanted by lithium cells, particularly IAH2, so a brief description of Zn/HgO technology is included here. Zn/HgO cells were also once used in wearable hearing aids. [Pg.371]

Greatbatch W, Lee JH, Mathias W, Eldiidge M, Moser JR, Schneider AA (1971) The solid-state lithium battery a new improved chemical power source for implantable cardiac pacemakers. IEEE Trans BioMed Eng BME 18 317-324... [Pg.390]

The cardiac pacemaker lead is a relatively fragile cable of insulated conductor wire implanted into the hostile environment of the human body. Its function is to interface the power source and sophisticated electronics of the pulse generator with the heart. The pacemaker lead plays a critical role in delivering both the output pulse from the pulse generator to the myocardium and the intracardiac electrogram from the myocardium to the sensing circuit of the pulse generator. [Pg.4]

A cardiac pulse generator is a device having a power source and electronic circuitry that produce output stimuli. Functionally, at its simplest, current sourced by the device s battery travels through a connecting pathway to stimulate the heart and then flows back into the pacemaker to complete the circuit. [Pg.47]

Euler KJ. Electrochemical and radioactive power sources for cardiac pacemakers. In Shaldach M, Furman S, eds. Advances in pacemaker technology. New York Springer-Verlag, 1975 329-343. [Pg.70]

Several actinide nuclides have found other applications. Heat sources made from kilogram amounts of Pu have been used to drive thermoelectric power units in space vehicles. In medicine, Pu was applied as a long-lived compact power unit to provide energy for cardiac pacemakers and artificial organs. Am has been used in neutron sources of various sizes on the basis of the (a,n) reaction on beryllium. The monoenergetic 59-keV y radiation of Am is used in a multitude of density and thickness determinations and in ionization smoke detectors. Cf decays by both a emission and spontaneous fission. One gram of Cf emits 2.4 10 neutrons per second. "Cf thus provides an intense and compact neutron source. Neutron sources based on Cf are applied in nuclear reactor start-up operations and in neutron activation analysis. [Pg.8]

Solid state primary batteries can provide very long-life operation at low currents. The first example of such an application is the lithium-iodide solid state battery for cardiac pacemakers which is manufactured in the US by Catalyst Research Co., by Wilson Greatbatch, and by Medtronic Inc. The second example is lithium-glass battery, whose application envisaged is mainly as a power source for electronic computers, such as C-MOS memory backup. Cells commercially available are design XR2025HT by the Union Carbide group. [Pg.380]

The lithium-iodine battery has been used to power more than 3.5 million cardiac pacemakers since its introduction in 1972. During this time the lithirrm-iodine system has established a record of reliability and performance unsurpassed by any other electrochemical power source. [Pg.389]

Parsonnet, V. 1972. Power sources for implantable cardiac pacemakers. Chest 61 165-173. [Pg.90]

These researches opened the door to the fabrication and commercialization of varieties of primary hthium batteries since the late l%0s nonaqueous hthium cells, especially the 3-V primary systems, have been developed. These systems include lithium-sulfur dioxide (Li//S02) cehs, lithium-polycarbon monofluoride (Li//(CF t) ) cells introduced by Matsuschita in 1973, lithium-manganese oxide (Li//Mn02) cells commercialized by Sanyo in 1975, lithium-copper oxide (Li//CuO) cells, lithium-iodine (Li//(P2VP)1J cells. During the same period, molten salt systems (LiCl-KCl eutecticum) using a Li-Al alloy anode and a FeS cathode were introduced [1]. The lithium-iodine battery has been used to power more than four million cardiac pacemakers since its introduction in 1972. During this time the lithium-iodine system has established a record of reliability and performance unsurpassed by any other electrochemical power source [18]. [Pg.30]

The semiconductive properties and tunnel structure of sulfide and transition-metal oxides led to the use of these materials in lithium power sources (Table 2.5). Several lithium-based chemistries were successfully applied to replace the prior system Zn/AgO and later the lithium-iodine batteries in implantable medical devices [59-61]. For example, Li//CuO, Li//V205, Li//CF and more recently Li// Ag2V40ii couples have been adopted to power cardiac pacemakers requiring less that 200 pW [62,63]. The lithium/carbon monofluoride (Li//CFJ primary cells are very attractive in several applications because of the double energy density with respect to the state-of-the-art LiZ/MnOa primary batteries (theoretically 2203 against 847 Wh kg ). [Pg.39]


See other pages where Cardiac pacemakers power source is mentioned: [Pg.415]    [Pg.275]    [Pg.537]    [Pg.170]    [Pg.413]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.169]    [Pg.442]    [Pg.17]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.12]    [Pg.281]    [Pg.383]    [Pg.37]   


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