Silver vanadium oxide

Li2S204 being the SEI component at the Li anode and the solid discharge product at the carbon cathode. The Li—SOCI2 and Li—SO2 systems have excellent operational characteristics in a temperature range from —40 to 60 °C (SOCI2) or 80 °C (SO2). Typical applications are military, security, transponder, and car electronics. Primary lithium cells have also various medical uses. The lithium—silver—vanadium oxide system finds application in heart defibrillators. The lithium—iodine system with a lithium iodide solid electrolyte is the preferred pacemaker cell. 

Demand pacemakers are very low current devices, requiring only 25-50 jiW for sensing and 60-100 pW for stimulation. In contrast, implanted ventricular defibrillators (Fig. 1.3) must be able to deliver short electric pulses of 25-40 J (e.g. 2 A at 2 V for 10 s) which can shock the heart into normal rhythm, and hence require a much higher rate battery. The most common system is a lithium-silver vanadium oxide cell with a liquid-organic based electrolyte. More than 80 000 such units have been implanted. Implanted drug delivery devices also use lithium primary batteries, as do neurostimulators and bone growth stimulators. 

Fig. 4.11 Cross-sectional view (from the top) of a prismatic high power lithium—silver vanadium oxide battery used to power an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). (By permission of Medtronic.)...

Silver, copper and other oxosalts have been extensively studied as cathodes in laboratory cells commercial power sources, principally for pacemakers, using silver chromate were manufactured until the 1980s, and silver vanadate or silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V4On), first reported by workers at Wilson Greatbatch Ltd, is currently used as cathode in implantable cardiac defibrillator batteries. 

Silver vanadium oxide, Ag2V4011> is a semiconducting vanadium oxide bronze which adopts at least two related structures based on V4Ou layers with silver atoms located between them (Fig. 4.17). The open structure allows facile diffusion of lithium ions. Ag2V4Oi ( can be lithiated with up to seven lithium atoms to form Li7Ag2V4Ou. 

Developing technologies in vanadium science provide the basis for the last two chapters of this book. Vanadium(V) in various forms of polymeric vanadium pen-toxide is showing great promise in nanomaterial research. This area of research is in its infancy, but already potential applications have been identified. Vanadium-based redox batteries have been developed and are finding their way into both large-and small-scale applications. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries for implantable devices have important medical applications. 

Characterization, and Battery Applications of Silver Vanadium Oxide Materials... 

PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, AND REACTIVITY OF SILVER VANADIUM OXIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS... 

In 1998, Gan and Takeuchi identified a key role of anode surface him composition in SVO cell performance [64], The addition of carbon dioxide synthons such as dibenzyl carbonate and benzyl succinimidyl carbonate was found to reduce resistance build-up and alleviate voltage delay in silver vanadium oxide cells. 

Andersson, S. 1965. Hydrothermally grown crystals of silver vanadium oxides bronzes. Acta Chem. Scand. 19 269-270. 

Takeuchi, E.S. and P. Piliero. 1987. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries with various silver to vanadium ratios. J. Power Sources. 21 133-141. 

Takeuchi, E.S. and W.C. Thiebolt. 1988. The reduction of silver vanadium oxide in lithium/silver vanadium oxide cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 2691-2694. 

Bergman, G.M., S.J. Ebel, E.S. Takeuchi, and P. Keister. 1987. Heat dissipation from lithium/silver vanadium oxide cells during storage and low-rate discharge. J. Power Sources. 20 179-185. 

Leising, R.A. and E.S. Takeuchi. 1993. Solid-state cathode materials for lithium batteries Effect of synthesis temperature on the physical and electrochemical properties of silver vanadium oxide. Chem. Mater. 5 738-742. 

Leising, R.A., W.C. Thiebolt, and E.S. Takeuchi. 1994. Solid-state characterization of reduced silver vanadium oxide from the Li/SVO discharge reaction. Inorg. Chem. 33 5733-5740. 

Crespi, A.M., PM. Skarstad, and H.W. Zandbergen. 1995. Characterization of silver vanadium oxide cathode material by high-resolution electron microscopy. J. Power Sources. 54 68-71. 

Ramasamy, R.P., C. Feger, T. Strange, and B.N. Popov. 2006. Discharge characteristics of silver vanadium oxide cathodes. J. Applied Electrochem. 36 487—497. 

West, K. and A.M. Crespi. 1995. Lithium insertion into silver vanadium oxide, Ag2V4On. J. Power Sources. 54 334-337. 

Explains signal transduction processes and related biology, biochemistry, and cell biology in a way that is accessible to chemists Provides detailed descriptions of vanadium batteries Describes recent advances in the applications of the lithium/silver vanadium oxide battery, particularly for medical applications... 

The book includes discussion of the vanadium haloperoxidases and the biological and biochemical activities of vanadium(V), including potential pharmacological applications. The last chapters of the book step outside these boundaries by introducing some aspects of the future of vanadium in nanotechnology, the recyclable redox battery, and the silver/vanadium oxide battery. We enjoyed writing this book and can only hope that it will prove to provide at least a modicum of value to the reader. 

---