Implantable cardiac defibrillator

Bloomfield DM, Steinman RC, Namerow PB, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans distinguishes between patients likely and patients not likely to benefit from implanted cardiac defibrillator therapy a solution to the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial (MADIT) II conundrum. Circulation. Oct 5 2004 110(14) 1885-1889. 

Silver, copper and other oxosalts have been extensively studied as cathodes in laboratory cells commercial power sources, principally for pacemakers, using silver chromate were manufactured until the 1980s, and silver vanadate or silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V4On), first reported by workers at Wilson Greatbatch Ltd, is currently used as cathode in implantable cardiac defibrillator batteries. 

Cells for implantable cardiac defibrillators require a capacity of 1 Ah and the capability of supplying current pulses of 4-5 W for periods of... 

Takeuchi, E.S. 1995. Reliability systems for implantable cardiac defibrillator batteries. J. Power. Sources. 54 115-119. 

Tanne JH. Benefits of implantable cardiac defibrillators in heart failure are confirmed. Br Med J 2004 328 664. 

ECG, electrocardiogram 02% monitoring blood oxygen saturation ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator PM, pacemaker TTE, transthoracic echocardiography TLE, transvenous lead extraction... 

Bongiomi MG, Soldati E, Zucchelli G et al (2008) Transvenous removal of pacing and implantable cardiac defibrillating leads using single sheath mechanical dilatation and multiple venous approaches high success rate and safety in more than 2000 leads. Eur Heart J 29 2886-2893... 

Leifer et al. [105]. used Li MAS NMR to study the strucmre of lithiated silver vanadium oxide, Liy4g2V40n, where x = 0.72,2.13, and 5.59. This compound is used in biomedical applications as a primary battery, particularly as the power source for implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). Silver vanadium oxide is a vanadium bronze with semiconducting properties. It has been used successfully as a cathode material in the battery of ICDs due to its high rate capability and its high theoretical capacity (315 mAh/g) to 2 V. Electrochemical and structural studies of the average structure were performed by various authors who concluded that the systems undergoes a multistep reduction mechanism and forms silver metal in the early stage of the overall reaction [106-108]. 

Fig. 8.7 Posterior-anterior and lateral plain film radiograph demonstrating defibrillation patches on the anterior and anterolateral left ventricle accompanied by multiple sensing leads. AH of this is attached to an ICD pulse generator implanted in the abdomen. (From Eager G, Gutierrez FR, Gamache MC. Radiologic appearance of implantable cardiac defibrillators. Am J Radiol 1994 162 25-29.)...

Mushlin, A.I., et al., The cost-effectiveness of automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators results from MADIT. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial. Circulation, 1998. 97(21) p. 2129-35. 

Bassen HI, Moore HJ, Ruggera PS. Cellular phone interference testing of implantable cardiac defibrillators in vitro. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998 21 1709-1715. 

Condon B, Hadley D. Cardiac pacing systems and implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) a radiological perspective of equipment, anatomy and complications. Clin Radiol 2004 59 1145. 

Follow-Up of the Patient with an Implanted Cardiac Defibrillator... 

Cardiovascular In a systematic review of deaths in 12 randomized controlled trials of fish oil as dietary supplements in 32 779 patients there was no beneficial effect in three studies ( = 1148) of implantable cardiac defibrillators (OR = 0.90 95% Cl = 0.55, 1.46) or in six studies (n = 31 111) of sudden cardiac death (OR = 0.81 0.52,1.25). In 11 studies (n = 32 439 and n = 32 519) there was a reduction in deaths from cardiac causes (OR = 0.80 0.69,0.92) but no effect on dysrhythmias or all-cause mortahty [21 ]. However, it was later pointed out that there is some evidence that fish oils may be dysrhyth-mogenic in some subgroups of patients with heart disease 22f. These include an increased risk of ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardiovertor defibrillators whose primary dysrhythmia was ventricular tachycardia [23 ], and an increased risk of cardiac death in patients with angina [24 ]. 

Implantable devices are man-made implants partly or totally introduced into the hnman body and intended to remain after the procedure. These devices reside within the hnman body either temporarily or permanently, for diagnostic, monitoring, or ther-apentic pnrposes. Examples include catheters, stents, drug delivery systems, pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, and neurostimulators. Currently more than 25 million US citizens rely on them for life-critical functions (Daniel, 2008). The market was valued at 43.1 billion in 2011 and is expected to increase 8% annually over 7 years to be worth 73.9billion by 2018 (Implantable Medical, 2013). 

Implantable medical devices have been widely used to restore body functions, improve the quality of life, or save lives. Experts estimate that 8 to 10 percent of all Americans (some 20 million to 25 million people) [1], or about 1 in 17 people in industrialized countries [2], carry some form of implanted device. Many medical devices, such as the implantable cardiac defibrillator, cochlear implant, artificial vision prosthesis, neuromuscular microstimulator, and the like contain sophisticated electronic circuits. Such long-term implantable medical devices are susceptible to damage by body fluids over time. Hermetic packaging is required to protect the electronic circuitry of the implant from the harsh environment of the human body. 

Courts have found that a patented invention under 35 U.S.C. 271(e)(l) may be implantable cardiac defibrillators (Eli Lilly, supra, Telectronics, supra and Intermedics, supra) a plasma sterilization device (Abtox, Inc. V. Exitron, Inc., 888 F.Supp 6, 35... 

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