Natural gas for vehicles

Chaudron, G., Natural Gas for Vehicles Adsorption Storage Tanks Intercom, Belgium 1989... 

Natural gas for vehicles (NGV) is a methane-based fuel that presents superior combustion efficiency, reduced CO and NO emissions, and no sulfur. The proven natural-gas reserves are superior to those of oil. NGV usage is widespread in countries possessing large resources, such as Argentina, Columbia and Venezuela, but is very limited in Europe and the USA. 

NG natural gas CNGV compressed natural gas for vehicles LPG liquefied petroleum gas. 

Komodromos, C., Pearson, S. Grint, A., "The Potential of Adsorbed Natural Gas for Advanced On-board Storage in Natural Gas Fueled Vehicles", International Gas Research Conference, Florida, 1992. 

Frickcr, N. and Parkyns, N.D., "Adsorbed Natural Gas for Road Vehicle Applications", 3 " Biennial International Conference and Exhibition of Natural Gas Vehicles, International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1992... 

Decentralised hydrogen production from natural gas for onsite applications (fuel cells, refuelling stations for hydrogen vehicles) eliminates or reduces the problems of distribution and storage. Nevertheless, current technology has high costs because it lacks economy of scale. Lower pressure and temperature and lower-cost materials are... 

Often LNG offers the most flexible method for the use and delivery of natural gas as vehicle fuel [6], Furthermore, since life cycle cost analyses usually are in favour of gas rather than diesel fuel, some incentives could be justified to give boost to the development of the infrastructure pertaining to... 

A whopping two-thirds of U.S. oil consumption is in the transportation sector, the only sector of the U.S. economy wholly reliant on oil. The energy price shocks of the 1970s helped spur growth in use of natural gas for home heating and drove the electric utility sector and the industrial sector to reduce their dependence on petroleum. But roughly 97 percent of all energy consumed by our cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, trucks, and airplanes is still petroleum-based. 

The DMFC is showing promise as a portable power source, but the bulky fuel is a problem (see several papers in Williams, 2002). Vehicle application of the DMFC is some way away. The advent of better ways of processing natural gas, for example the hydrogen mine, will cheapen methanol substantially, and move the DMFC towards a competitive position with the PEFC, which it does not yet occupy. There are no DMFC buses being demonstrated, and no DMFC stationary power plants for sale. 

L.J. Pettersson, Catalytic Treatment of Emissions. State of the Art for Alcohol and Natural Gas-Fueled Vehicles, Department of Chemical Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, ISRN KTH/KT/FR-91/9—SE, 1991. 

The nitrous oxides (NOx) and sulfurous oxides (SOx) result from the combustion of any petroleum, coal, and natural gas fuels. Various industrial processes and almost a majority of the households employ natural gas for energy and heating purposes. Natural gas-fueled vehicles also are NOx and SOx producers. These compounds are the main contributors to the greenhouse effect and acid rain. Hence, it is imperative that methods have to be developed to save the environment and future generations from this problem. There are... 

F Klingsredt, A Kalantar Neyestanaki, R Byggningsbacka, L-E Lindfors, M Lunden, M Petersson, P Tengstrom, T Ollonqvist, J Vayrynen, Palladium based catalysts for exhaust aftertreatment of natural gas powered vehicles and biofuels combustion, Appl. Catal. A General, 209 301 - 316,2001. 

Pettersson, L.J. (1991). Catalytic treatment of emissions. State of the art for alcohol and natural gas-fueled vehicles. Royal Institute of Teclmology, Dept, of Chemical Teclmology, Stockliolin (Under contract by the lEA), ISRN KTH/KT/FR--91/9-SE. 

Romero, S. (2006). With Ample Supplies, Qatar Becomes Hub for Converting Natural Gas to Vehicle Fuel. New York Times, 18 January. 

Natural gas is also being used as a vehicle fuel, and worldwide there are more than 2.5 million vehicles powered by natural gas. Argentina, with more than 800,000 natural gas powered vehicles, leads the world in use of these vehicles. California and several other states are encouraging the use of natural-gas vehicles to help meet new air-quality regulations. Vehicles powered by natural gas emit minimal amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates and the price of natural gas is about one-third that of gasoline. The main disadvantages of natural-gas vehicles include the need for a cylindrical pressurized gas tank and the lack of service stations that sell compressed natural gas. 

Current developments, however, are focused on increasing the winding efficiency to achieve high production rates. This is motivated by the increasing demand for pressure vessels in the automotive sector (FaBler and Schledjewski, 2012). Traditional pressure vessels (350 bars) are used in many natural gas-powered vehicles, while high pressure vessels (700 bars) are required for hydrogen storage used in car prototypes. 

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