Carbon monoxide emissions total

Products of Incomplete Combustion Emission Limits. Products of iacomplete combustion typically are not directly measured duting the trial bum. Instead, levels of carbon monoxide (qv) emissions are used as an iadication of combustion efficiency. High combustion efficiencies are assumed to result ia acceptable levels of products of incomplete combustion. If carbon monoxide emissions are measured at less than 100 ppmv dry basis, the standard is met. However, if emissions are greater than 100 ppmv, no more than 20 ppmv of total hydrocarbons (qv) are allowed at the iaciaerator stack duting the trial bum. 

The literature is limited. It is generally agreed that platinum is superior to palladium for the oxidation of paraffinic hydrocarbons, whereas palladium is preferred for the oxidation of carbon monoxide and probably unsaturated hydrocarbons also. However, at very low concentrations of active components, palladium is probably more effective than platinum for total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission control, at the same weight-percent of noble metal, and this difference was more definite for CO alone only fresh catalysts were used in this study by Barnes and Klimisch (I). 

The amounts of carbon monoxide emitted from industrial processes, from the use of fuel for generating electric power and for heating homes, offices, and commercial and industrial structures, and from burning wood waste and debris from logging operations are eadi small in comparison with emissions from transportation, but they are nevertheless important. For example, the concentrated emissions of carbon monoxide from home heating with firewood, although less than 6 percent of total national emissions, are a concern quite distinct from carbon monoxide emissions from motor vehicles, and the potential health effects should not be imderestimated. 

Human-made sources cover a wide spectrum of chemical and physical activities and are the major contributors to urban air pollution. Air pollutants in the United States pour out from over 10 million vehicles, the refuse of over 250 million people, the generation of billions of kilowatts of electricity, and the production of innumerable products demanded by eveiyday living. Hundreds of millions of tons of air pollutants are generated annu ly in the United States alone. The five main classes of pollutants are particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. Total emissions in the United States are summarized by source categoiy for the year 1993 in Table 25-10. 

Emission factors must be also critically examined to determine the tests from which they were obtained. For example, carbon monoxide from an automobile will vary with the load, engine speed, displacement, ambient temperature, coolant temperature, ignition timing, carburetor adjustment, engine condition, etc. However, in order to evaluate the overall emission of carbon monoxide to an area, we must settle on an average value that we can multiply by the number of cars, or kilometers driven per year, to determine the total carbon monoxide released to the area. 

In densely populated areas, traffic is responsible for massive exhausts of nitrous oxides, soot, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Traffic emissions also markedly contribute to the formation of ozone in the lower parts of the atmosphere. In large cities, fine particle exposure causes excess mortality which varies between one and five percent in the general population. Contamination of the ground water reservoirs with organic solvents has caused concern in many countries due to the persistent nature of the pollution. A total exposure assessment that takes into consideration all exposures via all routes is a relatively new concept, the significance of which is rapidly increasing. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) Is one of the most widely distributed air pollutants. It Is formed by natural biological and oxidation processes, the Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and various Industrial processes. However, the largest Individual source of man-made emissions Is motor vehicle exhausts which account for virtually all CO emitted In some urban environments. It has been estimated that global man-made emissions range from 300-1600 million tons per year, which Is approximately 60% of the total global CO emissions (22-23). 

Emissions from hazardous waste combustors are regulated under two statutory authorities RCRA and the CAA. The MACT standards set emission limitations for dioxins, furans, metals, particulate matter, total chlorine, hydrocarbons/carbon monoxide, and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for organics. Once a facility has demonstrated compliance with the MACT standards by conducting its comprehensive performance test (CPT) and submitting its notification of compliance (NOC), it is no longer subject to the RCRA emission requirements with a few exceptions. RCRA-permitted facilities, however, must continue to comply with their permitted emissions requirements until they obtain modifications to remove any duplicative emissions conditions from their RCRA... 

Almost carbon (C) in waste is oxidized into C02 through combustion process. A small amount is converted into carbon monoxide (CO), but this is often ignored. According to IPCC 2006, only fossil C02 is accounted as GHG emission source, while C02 which is formed from C bio is considered neutral and not added to total GHGs emission. However, amount of C02 bio was still calculated for reference purpose. C02 emission in RDF utilization process (burning process) is calculated based on fossil carbon content of waste fractions by the following formula ... 

Figure 12. Top, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emitted in flue gases from batchwise commercial heat treatment of Asplund board at 165 C versus time. In some plants the emission decreased more with time than here. Bottom, laboratory scale measurements at two temperatures. Data of emitted CO and total acids as weight % on dry hardboard. All data according to Nordenskjold and Ostman (3). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 10. Copyright 1989 De Gruyter.)...

The time-series analysis results of Merz et were expressed in first-order empirical formulas for the most part. Forecasting expressions were developed for total oxidant, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbon. Fitting correlation coefficients varied from 0.547 to 0.659. As might be expected, the best results were obtained for the primary pollutants carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and the lowest correlation was for oxidant. This model relates one pollutant to another, but does not relate emission to air quality. For primary pollutants, the model expresses the concentrations as a function of time. 

Equation (4) states that, to quantify the combustion efficiency, the volume fractions of carbon monoxide and the total hydrocarbon (methane equivalents), the mass flow and the stoichiometry of conversion gas, and the volume flows of primary and secondary air need to be measured. The concept of combustion efficiency is a function of emissions, air dilution, and type of fuel. This concept can be applied to any type of continuous combustion system and any type of fuel. 

Source Road transport is the main source of carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Among industrial processes, the metal industry is responsible for 2.8 X 106 t/yr released into the air and 71.2% of the total emissions from industry in Europe. 

The primary quantum yield was then shown to decrease from 0.59 to a steady value of 0.20 for 50 mm. acetone as up to 0.5 mm. biaeet.yl was added. The quantum yield of carbon monoxide decreased correspondingly from 0.16 to 0.05. It is clear that under such conditions deactivation of the triplet state by biacetyl causes a major decrease in the decomposition of acetone. The ratio of the total acetone emission intensity to the absorbed intensity is small (0.02 at 40°C.5li). 

Transportation fuels account for a significant portion of crude oil consumed in the United States. Hence, the importance of clean transportation fuels in the nation s economic development, environmental and public health improvement cannot be overly emphasized. Of the total manmade air emissions in the United States, highway transportation is responsible for 57% of the carbon monoxide, 30% of the nitrogen oxides, and 27% of the volatile organic compounds emissions. Driven by the continuing desire of the public for personal mobility, dramatic increases in vehicle numbers and miles have been forecasted. This growth will lead to poorer air quality unless ultraclean transportation fuels are developed and deployed. 

An order of magnitude of the relative importance of traffic in the total emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and dust is shown in Fig. 2. From these data, it is apparent that road traffic is one of the major sources of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emissions [1]. 

Figure 2. Total emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NO,v), sulfiir dioxide and dust in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1989, and relative importance of traffic.

According to the results of measurements carried out in the ocean (Seiler, 1974) the carbon monoxide concentration in near surface marine layers is 5 x 10 s mil 1 on an average. This water concentration would be in equilibrium with a surface air CO level of 2.5 ppm. However, the carbon monoxide concentration in air over the ocean surface is between 0.04 ppm and 0.20 ppm, which means that the ocean water is supersaturated with CO. It follows from these data that the ocean is a CO source, the global strength of which is about six times less than the total anthropogenic emission (Table 7). 

Since 1981, more complex emission control systems have been used in the U.S. in order to satisfy the stricter 1 g/mile emission requirement for nitrogen oxides. Exhaust gas recirculation alone was no longer sufficient to control nitrogen oxides. Meeting this new nitrogen oxide emission standard together with the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standard required a new catalyst and a totally new approach to emission control. 

---