Capillary gas chromatograph

SPME has been utilized for deterrnination of pollutants in aqueous solution by the adsorption of analyte onto stationary-phase coated fused-siUca fibers, followed by thermal desorption in the injection system of a capillary gas chromatograph (34). EuU automation can be achieved using an autosampler. Eiber coated with 7- and 100-p.m film thickness and a nitrogen—phosphoms flame thermionic detector were used to evaluate the adsorption and desorption of four j -triazines. The gc peaks resulting from desorption of fibers were shown to be comparable to those obtained using manual injection. 

Tuinstea LGMTh, Roos AH, Werdmuller WA (1985) Capillary gas chromatographic determination of some chlorobiphenyls in eel fat interlaboratory study. J Assoc OffAnal Chem 68 756-759. 

Rasmussen [82] describes a gas chromatographic analysis and a method for data interpretation that he has successfully used to identify crude oil and bunker fuel spills. Samples were analysed using a Dexsil-300 support coated open tube (SCOT) column and a flame ionisation detector. The high-resolution chromatogram was mathematically treated to give GC patterns that were a characteristic of the oil and were relatively unaffected by moderate weathering. He compiled the GC patterns of 20 crude oils. Rasmussen [82] uses metal and sulfur determinations and infrared spectroscopy to complement the capillary gas chromatographic technique. 

Organic compounds are extracted from the charcoal with a small volume of a suitable solvent such as carbon disulfide or dichloromethane, then collected and injected into a capillary gas chromatograph or a capillary gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. 

The CGC analysis of the volatile degradation products were performed using a Perkin-Elmer Sigma 2000 capillary gas chromatograph. The column used was either a fused silica 0.25 micron, bonded methyl silicone (10 m, 0.25 mm I.D.) or a methyl/5% phenyl silicone (15 m 0.25 mm I.D.) bonded phase. The carrier gas was helium and the capillary column head pressure was maintained at 20 psi. The make-up gas for the pulsed electron capture detector (ECD) was 95% Ar/5% methane supplied at a flow rate of 60 ml/min. 

Figure 14.3 shows a typical capillary gas chromatograph with the major components labeled. This gas chromatograph set up includes compressed gas tanks for the carrier gas (mobile phase) and any necessary detector gases, an auto-injector that employs a micro-syringe for delivering the necessary small sample volumes and an inlet capable of the... 

Fig. 14.3. Typical capillary gas chromatograph showing locations of the major components. The black hose that highlights the inlet is the transfer fine from a head-space sampler.

Bjorseth et al. [68] described a capillary gas chromatographic method for determining polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Up to 34 polyaromatic hydrocarbons were identified, some carcinogenic. 

Giger and Schnaffer [69] described a glass capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in lake and river sediments. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are isolated by a sequence of solvent... 

Korfmacher et al. [71] employed a short clean-up procedure followed by electron capture gas chromatography for the determination of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soils using a furzed silica capillary gas chromatographic column. The technique was suitable as a routine screening procedure for samples taken from contaminated sites. 

In a method described by Bates and Carpenter [8] for the characterization of organosulphur compounds in the lipophilic extracts of marine sediments these workers showed that the main interference is elemental sulphur (S8). Techniques for its elimination are discussed. Saponification of the initial extract is shown to create organosulphur compounds. Activated copper removes S8 from an extract and appears neither to create nor to alter organosulphur compounds. However, mercaptans and most disulphides are removed by the copper column. The extraction efficiency of several other classes of sulphur compounds is 80-90%. Extracts are analyzed with a glass capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. Detection limit is lg S and precision 10%. 

Wegmann and Hofstee [43] have developed a capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination of organochlorine insecticides in river sediments. Bottom soils from rivers, collected in slow current areas may contain high concentrations of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls. When the current moves more rapidly or benthic animals become more active, these compounds are stirred into the water along with suspended particles and become accessible to organisms that live in the bottom layer. 

Stan HJ, Goebel H. 1983. Automated capillary gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food. J Chromatogr 268(1 ) 55-70. 

Batta AK, Salen G, Rapole KR, Batta M, Earnest D, et al. 1998. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of serum bile acids as the fi-butyl ester—trimethylsilyi ether derivatives. J Chromatogr B 706 337. 

Drummer OH, Horomidis S, Kourtis S, Syrjanen ML, Tippett P. 1994. Capillary gas chromatographic drug screen for use in forensic toxicology. J Anal Toxicol 18 134. 

Seto Y, Tsunoda N, Ohta H, et al. 1993. Determination of chloroform levels in blood using a headspace capillary gas chromatographic method. J Anal Toxicol 17(7) 415-420. 

Sanders, W. N., and J. B. Maynard. Capillary gas chromatographic method for determining the Cj-Cu hydrocarbons in foil-range motor gasolines. Anal. Chem. 40 527-535, 1968. 

Pattern recognition studies on complex data from capillary gas chromatographic analyses were conducted with a series of microcomputer programs based on principal components (SIMCA-3B). Principal components sample score plots provide a means to assess sample similarity. The behavior of analytes in samples can be evaluated from variable loading plots derived from principal components calculations. A complex data set was derived from isomer specific polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBS) analyses of samples from laboratory and field studies. 

The SIMCA approach can be applied in all of the four levels of pattern recognition. We focus on its use to describe complex mixtures graphically, and on its utility in quality control. This approach was selected for the tasks of developing a quality control program and evaluating similarities in samples of various types. Principal components analysis has proven to be well suited for evaluating data from capillary gas chromatographic (GC) analyses (6-8). 

Gas chromatographic analysis of the adsorption samples were made on a capillary gas chromatograph (Carlo Erba 2900) equipped with a modified injection system constructed at our department ( 3). ... 

Analysis of the Mixture of Organic Compounds from the Soil. The crude fractions were analyzed using a LKB-2091 capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/data analysis system (CGC/MS/DA). The capillary column used was a J W DB-1, 60 m x 0.32 mm, connected directly to Ae ion source of the mass spectrometer. Up to 1.0 tfL of a solution of the sample in an appropriate solvent was injected directly onto the column at 40 °C, whereupon the column temperature was immediately raised to 100 for 4 min, and programmed to 310 °C at a rate of 10°/min. and held there for 30 min. 

Novotny M, Merli F, Wiesler D, et al. 1982. Fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization of the neutral components in marijuana and tobacco smoke condensates. J Chromatogr 238(1) 141-150. 

Gaffney, J. S., R. M. Bornick, Y.-H. Chen, and N. A. Marley, Capillary Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Nitrogen Dioxide and PANs with Luminol Chemiluminescent Detection, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1445-1454(1998). 

S. Maeno, P. A. Roderiguez, Simple and versatile injection system for capillary gas chromatographic columns. Performance evaluation of a system including mass spectrometric and light-pipe Fourier-Transform infra-red detection. J. Chromatogr. 731(1-2) (1996) 201-215. 

Agilent GC-MS ChemStation System equipped with capillary gas chromatograph HP 5972,5973, or 6890 series Agilent 6890 series autosampler. The GC-MS system is operated in the positive-ion, electron-impact ionization mode. Chromatographic parameters of the acquisition method are listed in Table 3.1.7. TIC is recorded over the mass range m/z 50-550, and the total run time is 33 min. 

Muskiet FAJ, van Doormaal JJ, Martini IA, Wolthers BG, W van der Slik (1983) Capillary gas chromatographic profiling of total long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol in biological materials. J Chromatogr 278 231-244... 

Jansen G, Muskiet FA, Schierbeek H, Berger R, van der Slik SW (1986) Capillary gas chromatographic profiling of urinary, plasma and erythrocyte sugars and polyols as their trimeth-ylsilyl derivatives, preceded by a simple and rapid prepurification method. Clin Chim Acta 157 277-293... 

---