Facilities capacity

The multicommodity capacity facility location-allocation problem is of primary importance in transportation of shipments from the original facilities to intermediate stations and then to the destinations. In this illustrative example we will consider such a problem which involves I plants, J distribution centers, K customers, and P products. The commodity flow of product p which is shipped from plant i, through distribution center j to customer k will be denoted by the continuous variable z tp. It is assumed that each customer k is served by only one distribution center j. Data are provided for the total demand by customer k for commodity p, Dkp, the supply of commodity p at plant i denoted as Sip, as well as the lower and upper bounds on the available throughput in a distribution center j denoted by V " and Vf7, respectively. 

Commercial plants One 20,000-mtpy original capacity facility. 

Commercial plants One 20,000-mtpa original capacity facility. Licensor Kvaerner Process Technology, UK. 

The first four of these eight decision categories are referred to as structural decisions. These are the decisions about capacity, facilities, technology, and vertical integration. These are the most difficult and expensive to change. 

Capacity Facilities Technology Vertical integration Workforce Quality Production, planning and materials control Organization... 

The manufacture of synthetic water soluble polymers on an industrial scale is often conducted on high capacity facilities that have an annual output of 20,000 tonnes or greater. This manufacture has to balance a number of important objectives that include product properties, cost effective performance and customer needs. This has been succinctly summarised as the ability to manufacture a product with specified physical and chemical properties at a desired production rate [7]. 

Ttfial Compleloly Buried Storage Capacity Facility Total Oil Storage Capacity, ... 

Laboratory efficiencies of 16.7% and module efficiencies of 10.9% have been reported. The theoretical conversion efficiency is considered to be 28%, however, more recently a more conservative estimate of 17.5% has been proposed. The drawbacks to CdTe systems include the toxicity and low abundance of the materials, temperature-dependent efficiencies and only an average light tolerance. Nonetheless, CdTe solar cells have entered the market. The leading manufacturers of CdTe modules are First Solar in the USA, with a capacity of over 1 GWp yr , and Calyxo GmbH, a Q-cells subsidiary, in Germany, who have a 25 MWpyr and a 6 MWp yr capacity facility and boast an energy-pay-back time of approximately 1.5 years for their systems. 

Availability refers to fraction of time which the facilities are able to produce at full capacity. Figure 14.10 shows the main sources of non-availability of an equipment item. 

As introduced in Section 14.2, bottlenecks in the process facilities can occur at many stages in a producing field life cycle. A process facility bottleneck is caused when any piece of equipment becomes overloaded and restricts throughput. In the early years of a development, production will often be restricted by the capacity of the processing facility to treat hydrocarbons. If the reservoir is performing better than expected it may pay to increase plant capacity. If, however, it is just a temporary production peak such a modification may not be worthwhile. 

The types of facilities bottleneck which appear late in field life depend upon the reservoir, development scheme and facilities in place. Two of the most common capacity constraints affecting production include ... 

In high permeability reservoirs, wells may produce dry oil for a limited time following a shut-in period, during which gravity forces have segregated oil and water near the wellbore. In fields with more production potential than production capacity, wells can be alternately produced and shut in (intermittentproduction) to reduce the field water cut. This may still be an attractive option at reduced rates very late in field life, if redundant facilities can be decommissioned to reduce operating costs. 

As solution gas drive reservoirs lose pressure, produced GORs increase and larger volumes of gas require processing. Oil production can become constrained by gas handling capacity, for example by the limited compression facilities. It may be possible to install additional equipment, but the added operating cost towards the end of field life is often unattractive, and may ultimately contribute to increased abandonment costs. 

Companies which own process facilities and evacuation routes, but no longer have the hydrocarbons to fill them, can continue to operate them profitably by renting the extra capacity or by charging tariffs for the use of export routes. 

Table 34. Biomass-Fueled Cogeneration and Small Power Production Capacities and Facilities, kW ...

The first large-scale use of hydrazine was as fuel for the rocket-powered German ME-163 fighter plane during World War II. Production in the United States began in 1953 at the Lake Charles, Louisiana plant of the Olin Corp., a facility then having a capacity of 2040 metric tons. In 1992 world capacity was about 44,100 metric tons N2H4. 

Since 1960, portable stone-processing plants have grown steadily. Although such units are relatively small, companies utilize them to supplement the permanent facilities at times of peak demand or to provide stand-by capacity. 

Table 5. Location and Capacities of Chemical Grade Alumina Production Facilities...

Steam-Generating Facilities These form the second largest investment item for chemical-plant auxiliaiy equipment. Variations in capacity, location indoors or outdoors, the type of fuel used, pressure and temperature levels, and the type of process served have an important effect on actual cost as well as on cost relative to other auxiliaiy items. Package boiler instaUations can be purchased as shop-built units which are assembled, piped, and wired ready to be erected on the owner s foundations. They are available in units up to about 136,000 kg/h (300,000 Ib/h), although units larger than about 45,360... 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous Wastes for deliveiy to a treatment or disposal facility normally are collected by the waste producer or a licensed, speciahzed hauler. Typically, the loading of collection vehicles is completed in one of two ways (1) wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are either drained or pumped into collection vehicles, and (2) wastes stored in sealed drums or other sealed containers are loaded by hand or by mechanical equipment onto flatbed trucks. To avoid accidents and possible loss of life, two collectors shoiild always be assigned when hazardous wastes are to be collected. 

The largest Fischer-Tropsch facility based on natural gas is the Mossgas plant located in Mossel Bay, South Africa. Natural gas is converted to synthesis gas in a two-stage reformer and subsequently converted to hydrocarbons by SASOL s Synthol technology. The plant, commissioned in 1992, has a capacity of 7155 mVd (45,000 bbFd). 

Product or Process Development—A company can develop a new product or process as a quasi-research effort with a toller while simultaneously building the in-house production capacity. This allows problems found in the toller s intermediate scale efforts to be fixed in the large-scale process and to reduce development time and costs. It may simply be a case of a company wanting to try new raw materials in a well-known process without disrupting existing production or establishing a pilot facility. Tollers can provide a way to achieve these activities in a parallel fashion. 

Does the facility currently have sufficient idle capacity available for the process and volumes of interest ... 

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