Reduced rates

In high permeability reservoirs, wells may produce dry oil for a limited time following a shut-in period, during which gravity forces have segregated oil and water near the wellbore. In fields with more production potential than production capacity, wells can be alternately produced and shut in (intermittentproduction) to reduce the field water cut. This may still be an attractive option at reduced rates very late in field life, if redundant facilities can be decommissioned to reduce operating costs. 

Addition of water to solutions of nitric acid in 90% sulphuric acid reduces rates of nitration. Between 90% and 85% sulphuric acid the decrease in rate parallels the accompanying fall in the concentration of nitronium ions. This is good evidence for the operation of the nitronium ion as the nitrating agent, both in solutions more acidic than 90% and in weakly diluted solutions in which nitronium ion is still spectroscopically detectable. 

BRS Online Service contains over 150 bibhographic and fuU-text databases in the areas of biomedicine, science, technology, business, economics, humanities, and social sciences (37). BRS/After Dark is an after-hours PC oriented version of BRS Online Service, offered at reduced rates (37). 

Both air and oxygen processes can be designed to be comparable in the following areas product quaUty, process flexibiUty for operation at reduced rates, and on-stream rehabiUty (97,182). For both processes, an on-stream value of 8000 h/yr is typical (196). The rehabiUty of the oxygen-based system is closely linked to the rehabiUty of the air-separation plant, and in the air process, operation of the multistage air compressor and power recovery from the vent gas is cmcial (97). 

In some cases, the exponent is unity. In other cases, the simple power law is only an approximation for an actual sequence of reactions. For instance, the chlorination of toluene catalyzed by acids was found to have CL = 1.15 at 6°C (43°F) and 1.57 at 32°C (90°F), indicating some complex mechanism sensitive to temperature. A particular reaction may proceed in the absence of catalyst out at a reduced rate. Then the rate equation may be... 

Tests conducted while the tower is upset can be relied upon only as a general indication of a problem. The data should be suspect and care should be used in its use. If at all possible, reduce rates in an attempt to eliminate the problem, then work up to higher rates. 

Reduce rate of charging such as by decreasing flow velocity. 

Further involvement by the typical industrial or commercial utility customer, both large and small, was stimulated by time-of-day price incentives. Encouragement was provided in the form of reduced rates if use of electricity was shifted from peak periods of the day to off-peak or shoulder-peak periods. Even the residential customer was invited to participate in load shifting with price incentives or rewards. A popular example of the day was encouraging the household laundi y activity to be moved to late-night hours. This suggestion was met with vaiying enthusiasm. 

C. Bearings. Most bearings are standard as to dimensions and may be ordered from the bearing manufacturer. (Note Within the last few years motor bearing ratings have been changed, generally toward reduced rated loads.)... 

The manufacturer shall establish the reduced rated static hook loads for the same conditions under which the maximum rated static hook loads apply, but with the addition of the pipe-setback and sucker-rod loadings. The reduced rated static hook loads shall be expressed as percentages of the maximum rated static hook loads. Thus, the portable mast ratings in Standard 4D include a safety factor of 2 to allow for wind and impact loads, and require the manufacturer to specify further capacity reductions due to setback. 

There is a mud-discharge-rate limitation of 1,000 bbl/hr, with reduced rates near areas of biological concern. The discharge of mud containing diesel for lubricity purposes is prohibited. 

Selecting a bit with more teeth and with shorter crested teeth results in smoother running and reduced rate of tooth wear. 

Some authorities offer reduced rates as energy usage increases. 

The obvious method of reducing corrosion in fused salts is to choose a system in which either the metal can come to equilibrium with the melt, or else truly protective passivity can be attained. In most cases in industry neither of these alternatives is used. In fact, fused salt baths are usually operated in air atmosphere, and the problem is the prevention of excessive corrosion. This can be done in two ways, (a) by reducing rates of ingress of oxidising species (mainly O2 and H2O) from the atmosphere, and rates of their diffusion in the melts, and (b) by keeping the oxidising power (redox potential) of the melt low by making periodic additions to the bath. 

Both zinc and zinc alloys have excellent resistance to corrosion in the atmosphere and in most natural waters. The property which gives zinc this valuable corrosion resistance is its ability to form a protective layer consisting of zinc oxide and hydroxide, or of various basic salts, depending on the nature of the environment. When the protective layers have formed and completely cover the surface of the metal, the corrosion proceeds at a greatly reduced rate. 

In general, greatly reduced rates of attack are observed for impure or dilute nickel alloys compared with pure nickel when exposed to SO2 + O2 atmospheres. Haflan et al. have attributed this to the segregation of impurities at the sulphide/oxide interface causing breakup of the sulphide network. For example in the case of silicon additions, it has been shown that silicates form and it has been proposed that these alter the wetting characteristics of the sulphide and prevent the establishment of an interconnected sulphide network. 

When two different metals are immersed in the same electrolyte solution they will usually exhibit different electrode potentials. If they are then connected by an electronic conductor there will be a tendency for the potentials of the two metals to move towards one another they are said to mutually polarise. The polarisation will be accompanied by a flow of ionic current through the solution from the more negative metal (the anode) to the more positive metal (the cathode), and electrons will be transferred through the conductor from the anode to the cathode. Thus the cathode will benefit from the supply of electrons, in that it will dissolve at a reduced rate. It is said to be cathodically protected . Conversely, in supplying electrons to the cathode the anode will be consumed more rapidly, and thus will act as a sacrificial anode. 

Modification of alkyd resins with high proportions of silicones considerably reduces rates of attack, but the most spectacular extension of life is shown by fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride where erosion rates can be reduced to 0 -1 /tm/year. If this level of durability can be achieved an initial coating, if firmly adherent and free from any breaks, may often be expected to maintain protection over a metal substrate for the likely life of the structure. The considerably increased first cost, as compared with more conventional coatings, has to be balanced against the probable saving in maintenance costs or consequences of failure. 

The pyrotechnic generation of smoke is almost exclusively a military device for screening and signaling. While first encountered on a significant scale in WWI, its importance was not realized until early in WW1I when the bulk of the presently known data were collected. In the last 30 years studies of smoke have continued at a reduced rate... 

Boilers of lower pressure rating that have significantly reduced rates of CR should operate with higher quality water (i.e., lower TDS) to avoid fouling and high BD rates. 

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