Capacity, plant increases

As the demand for large, 1000 tonnes per day capacity plants increased, the operating pressure was optimized at 100 bar. The original catalyst was less stable at this pressure. However, by combining the alumina with a proportion of the zinc oxide, possibly in the form of a spinel, before precipitation of the copper component, an even more stable catalyst was produced. Catalyst activity was proportional to the surface area of the metallic copper reduction, which also controlled the stability of the catalyst during use. Continuous improvement of production techniques and a better understanding of the catalyst precursors could increase catalyst life increased to about five years. 

Increased Plant Capacity - When an existing plant capacity is increased, the entire pressure relieving system should be reevaluated, even though new equipment has been added. For example, a unit operating at 120 % of design capacity may require additional pressure relieving capacity. 

Future expansion should always be taken into account when installing new plant. Increasing compressor capacity presents no problem if the rest of the plant installation has been planned accordingly. 

Increasing the wet gas compressor capacity and increasing duties through the gas plant can impact the flare system. 

Increased demand for softened MU, perhaps caused by an increase in plant capacity without increasing softener capacity installed, or the use of additional steam for processing so that the return of condensate is diminished. Here a larger plant is required. If the existing plant is not too old, a second identical unit usually is installed and the equipment is operated as duty/standby, with water-meter countdown crossover and immediate regeneration of the out-of-service unit. 

Agricultural interests have amended existing soil properties to improve productivity their experience demonstrates the power of knowledge of soil properties and the ability to control them.14 A primary benefit of these amendment efforts was improvement in soil-water-holding capacity and increased rate of water removal from all soil layers by plants. The benefits of soil modification remain effective for decades. There is opportunity for similar improvements in soil during ET landfill cover design and construction. Control of ET cover soil properties has potential to enhance cover performance and should add little to construction cost. 

Because of the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and the subsequent increase in energy costs, U.S. energy growth decreased and U.S. nuclear capacity has increased from forty to only a hundred and ten plants. The point is that although the need disappeared, there was little doubt that tens of nuclear plants per year could be installed in just the U.S. and there is little doubt that world wide, the construction of a hundred new plants per year can be accomplished. 

Distillation columns are expensive items in any plant, and are tricky to control. They should initially be built large enough to accommodate a proposed expansion. The reboilers, condensers, and pumps, however, do not need to be designed to handle any more than the initial throughput. Figure 5-1 shows how the auxiliary system may be expanded by placing similar equipment in parallel when the plant capacity is increased. 

As a chemical plant increases in size, its cost also increases. However, there is not a linear relationship between capacity and cost. If the size doubles the cost will not increase two-fold. There are many reasons why this is so. 

Process plant utilization rates and capacities have increased. These increases occur primarily through small and large debottlenecking projects. 

The ethylene production cost for a 1000 MM lb/yr plant is 2.5 /lb (this figure also appears in the European naphtha column of Table VIII). For a 20% increase in capacity to 1200 MM lb/yr, the ethylene production cost drops to about 2.4 /lb. For a decrease in capacity of 60% from 1000 to 400 MM lb/yr, the production cost increases by almost 30% to 3.2 /lb. Table X shows that the advantages of scale diminish drastically as capacity is increased. By way of example, the decrease in production cost going from 400 to 700 MM lb/yr is about 0.5 /lb C2 the next 300 MM lb/yr increment (to a 1000 MM lb/yr) brings only a 0.2 /lb. reduction in production costs. 

Styrene is one of the largest-volume production chemicals. Its global demand in 2004 reached 24 million metric tons, over half of which was used for making polystyrene. The growing demand for styrene over the past decade encouraged producers to revamp plants, increasing plant capacity while keeping capital... 

In Ukraine s conditions the development of hydro energy is real with the construction of hydroelectric plants of relatively high capacity (20-50 MW). Among priority measures is reconstruction of the hydroelectric plants of Dnepr cascade that will give 300 MW of additional capacity and increase in power production by 290 mill kWh. 

In an economic comparison of abatement systems, a 1991 EPA study indicates that extended absorption to be the most cost-effective method for NOx removal. Selective Reduction matches its performance only in small-capacity plants of about 200 to 250 tonnes per day. Nonselective abatement systems were indicated to be the least cost-effective method of abatement. The results of any comparison depend on the cost of capital versus variable operating costs. A low capital cost for SCR is offset by the ammonia required to remove the NOx. Higher tail gas NOx concentrations make this method less attractive. The investment for extended absorption is partially recovered by increased yield of nitric acid product104. 

The fossil-fueled energy was generated at plants having 3298 boiler-generator units with a total steam-electric generating capacity of 259 thousand MW. The capacity will increase to 558 thousand MW by 1990. Average size of the units will increase from 80 to 370 MW and the number of units will decrease to 1520 in 1990. 

The members of some Sanghas still supply few species of plants to the local traders. Nevertheless, their negotiation capacity is increased since when they have become associated with GMCL. A villager from Kurayur explains ... 

Capital investment costs per daily ton of system capacity have increased 5 fold during the past 10 years. The 1960-1968 "capital cost per daily ton ranged from 13,000 to 15,000 at three surveyed plants. The average for all 15 plants was about 35,000. Three later plants built in 1975 and 1976 averaged about 70,000. Plants in the early 1980 s could initially cost over 100,000 per daily ton capacity. 

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