Integration vertical

AH motor fuel in the United States is manufactured by private companies. Many of these are vertically integrated. That is, the same company finds the cmde oil or buys it from a producing government, refines it into finished products, and then sells to independent retailers who specialize in that company s blended products or sells at company operated service stations. There are also a significant number of companies that participate in only some aspects of the business cycle such as refining or marketing. 

After field processing of wellhead products is complete, the oil and gas production phase of the industry passes into the refining stage, where the crude oil and field gas are further processed to make the products that ultimate users will purchase. The prices that refiners will pay determine the maximum allowable costs for oil and gas exploration and production. An oil or gas producer must be able to provide the product at a competitive price. For a vertically integrated oil company, no actual sale may take place, but the economics are much the same. 

The electricity mdustiy is m the midst of a transition from a vertically integrated and regulated monopoly to an entity in a competitive market where retail customers choose the suppliers of their electricity. The change started in 1978, when the Public Utility Regulatoiy Act (PURPA) made it possible for nonutility power generators to enter the wholesale market. 

Designing materials for a proprietary product as a vertical integration process, in many cases, provides a superior product for which the material... 

The DOD and NASA programs generally involve an aerospace firm that works with material suppliers to develop a material for a specific performance goal. In addition, the Government provides some research and development (R D) funds so the risk to the materials developer is minimized. In a sense, this is a case of vertical integration in which DOD or NASA is the end user and manages the complete product development. 

Maurice Daumas. Histoire Generate des Techniques, vol. 2. Paris Quadrige/Presses Universitaires de France, 1996 edition of 1964 book. Source for vertical integration of the chemical industry. 

Waterson, M. (1993), Vertical integration and vertical restraints , Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 9 (2), 41-57. 

Fig. 3.7 Timeseries of the vertically integrated global DDT [t]. Integration starts from sea ground and goes up to the depths given in the axis label.

Cross, G. H. Ren, Y. T. Freeman, N. J., Young s fringes from vertically integrated slab waveguides Applications to humidity sensing, J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 86, 6483 6488... 

It should also be emphasized that this adaptation of the Kalecki system represents an interpretation of the reproduction schema that is consistent with Marx s system. As Lee (1998) has argued, Kalecki has a restrictive production model in which each department is vertically integrated, producing its own raw materials. In contrast, Marx assumes that raw materials are a part of constant capital, produced in the first department and circulated to other departments. A failure to fully take into account connections between industries leaves the Kalecki system vulnerable to a SrafFian critique. Steedman (1992), for example, has lambasted the Kaleckian price system for the absence of multisectoral relationships. By establishing the Kalecki principle in an input-output context, an interpretation of the reproduction schema is possible in which linkages between industries are taken seriously. 

Figure 10.1 (a) Distribution of emitted radiation from an electron travelling at relativistic speeds in a circular orbit, (b) The universal, vertically integrated, synchrotron radiation spectrum as a function of reduced wavelength. The axes are calibrated for the SRS at Daresbury Laboratory... 

Figure 15 shows a fluidized bed dryer vertically integrated with a high-shear granulator, a wet mill, bottom discharge, and a dry mill. The basic components of the machine will be described, beginning with the entrance of the... 

The number of production levels that have to be modeled explicitly depends on the type of value chain considered and the level of vertical integration pursued by the company. Consequently, the model does not structurally limit the number of levels. However, from a computational point of view limits might still apply. 

In a first step the core value chain has to be defined. Typically, the tasks performed internally at most or all sites constitute this core value chain. Depending on the level of vertical integration, the tasks might be spread across different plant classes. In the case example shown in Figure 36, the core value chain consists of a single plant class. Often, the level of vertical... 

Ostendorf et al. [30] have described two different methods of field sampling for residual gasoline in sandy soil. Both methods gave precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline in a given location. 

The models of general atmospheric circulation were thoroughly described by Nicolis and Nicolis (1995). The description of the atmospheric part of the hydro-logical cycle can be simplified by the equation dWA/dt + VQ = E-P, where WA is the vertically integrated specific air humidity in this column, and E and P are evapotranspiration and precipitation at the soil level, respectively. 

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