Annual output

Not considering the former USSR, world production of iodine was ca 13,500 metric tons in 1992. Japan provided about 45% of the world total, compared to 44% from Chile and 11% from the United States. An annual output of 2300 t from 1976 to 1979 was estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (66) but was revised to 2000 tons in 1981. No official data are available for the former USSR where iodine production is reported to be produced from iodine—bromine brines. Two areas have been mentioned the Neftechalinki field in the Slavianski-Triotskoe area near the Black Sea, and a plant in the Baku area in Azerbaidzhan on the Caspian Sea where ca 1400 metric tons was estimated for 1990 production. 

Economic Aspects. Celestite is mined and then shipped to countries where chemical processing takes place. Spain is the largest celestite-exporting country, as almost all of its output is exported. Mexico is the next largest exporter. About half of its annual output is exported. Most of celestite production from Turkey and Iran is also exported. Iranian exports are beheved to be shipped to the CIS and other Eastern European countries. 

Chloroform was used chiefly as an anesthetic and in pharmaceutical preparations immediately prior to World War II. However, these uses have been banned. Annual output in both the United States and the United Kingdom was between 900 and 1350 metric tons. During the war, chloroform production in the United States tripled, largely to meet the requirement for penicillin manufacture. Demand for chloroform continued to increase in the postwar period as its technical appHcations were extended. Consumption continues to increase at a comparatively rapid rate. Chloroform is now used primarily in the manufacture of HCFC-22, monochlorodifluoromethane, a refrigerant, and as a raw material for polytetrafluoroethylene plastics. 

EniChem has been produeing this eaustie ehemieal eompound at Mantova sinee the plant opened in the 1960s. Initially, the total annual output was approximately 10,000 tons. This output figure inereased rapidly and, in 1987, a eombined eentrifugal eompressor and expander were installed to boost produetion from about 230,000 to 270,000 tpy. Operating at a flowrate of 23,000 kg/hr (50,715 Ib/hr), the three-stage eompressor raises air pressure from 1 bar (14.5 psia) to 9.5 bar (137.8 psia) and is used to feed the reaetor in the phenol produetion plant. 

Crystalline chemical and electrochemical manganese dioxides are employed in billions of cells of Leclanche type which remain today probably the most popular and inexpensive power sources for wrist watches, cameras, flashlights, portable electronic products, etc. Worldwide annual output of power sources is estimated at 40 bln. pieces more than 70% of them are those operating with Mn02 chemistry as a cathode active material or a... 

Sulfuric acid is manufactured on an enormous scale with an annual output of around 90 billion pounds. During the mid-1900s (when the production of sulfuric acid was less than half what it is now), about a third of the sulfuric acid produced was used in the production of fertilizer, but that use rose to about two-thirds in the later 1900s. During that time the world population grew from perhaps 3 billion to about 6 billion. 

Thus, for the average chemist the typical annual output of 10-50 carefully hand-crafted compounds of the 1970s and 1980s had become over 1,000 by the late 1990s and for those specialising in high-through-... 

Again, PMN costs begin to weigh heavily between 20,000 and 40,000 pounds of annual output. Under 20,000 or 25,000 pounds, the cost burden rises dramatically. 

Extraction.—Of the total annual output of nearly 2- million tons of sulphur, almost the whole is produced by the United States and Sicily. The production figures for 1928 were as follows 6... 

Manufacture.—The world s annual output of sulphuric aeid is approximately 10 million tons, and this huge amount is supplied almost entirely by the lead chamber and contact processes. The dry distillation of green vitriol as a technical operation has now been abandoned. In Great Britain and Northern Ireland the output for the year 1928 in terms of 100 per cent, sulphuric acid and including oleum was 928,000 tons. ... 

Production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride is the basis of the chlor-alkali industry, a business that generates annual sales of approximately 4 billion in the United States alone. Both chlorine and sodium hydroxide rank among the top 10 chemicals in terms of production Annual output of each in the United States is 11-12 million tons. Chlorine is used in water and sewage treatment and in the manufacture of plastics such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Sodium hydroxide is employed in making paper, textiles, soaps, and detergents. 

A two-stage acid hydrolysis process is employed in over 40 Soviet wood hydrolysis plants (15). These plants have an average annual output per plant of 10,000 t of wood sugar. Most of the output is converted to industrial alcohol and fodder yeast. 

The estimated daily rates for some wells in the East Georgian gas structures are up to 0.5-1.5 million m3, and the planned annual output for 2005 may increase to 0.5 bcm. 

It should be borne in mind that the SDR is most effectively exploited when it is run on a continuous basis. The industrial units constructed to date have had disc diameters up to 30 cm and have been capable of processing around 30 g/s of feedstock. This corresponds to a continuous annual output of (e.g., polymer) 1000 tons/year. For a typical pharmaceutical product, a 15-cm disc could process about 7 g/s, equivalent to an annual output of 200 tons. With conventional stirred-vessel technology, a roughly equivalent unit to the 30-cm SDR is a 2000-L batch reactor... 

The DEA production quota, which was a steady annual output of approximately 1,700 kg through the 1980s, started to... 

Category Status The largest annual output (MT yr 1, year) Total output (MT) Different consumption purposes... 

Since the 1950s, China began to develop techniques to produce chlor-dane, and the production capacity and output steadily increased into the 1970s. The annual output of chlordane reached 465 MT in 1974, but chlordane production gradually stopped after 1975 due to faulty techniques and severe occupational harm to workers. However, the productive capacity of chlordane was rebuilt after 1988 because of a serious termite disaster in the south of China and the lack of effective and inexpensive termicides. There have been approximately 20 chlordane producers in China, but all of them were on pilot scale. In 2003, there were nine plants producing chlordane crude oil and emulsifiable solution in China, and six of them reported an output of 450 MT in total. Figure 3.2 shows the annual output of chlordane crude oil in China. It was shown that the output of chlordane was up to 834 MT in 1998, with a capacity of 1480 MT per year. 

Another interesting parameter may be the average yield of weight of H2 production. The corresponding average values for both fixed tilt and two-axis tracking systems are 0.022 kg/kWh/m and 0.028 kg/kWh/m for each PV kWp installed. In the same manner if we consider the total annual output for both wilayates 16 and 11, we obtain respectively 54 kg H2/kWp and 60 kg H2/kWp. 

The estimate was derived from the following calculations At the 1971-72 peak of heroin production in the Golden Triangle, much of which was intended for American soldiers in Vietnam, 21 refineries were in operation since then the number has declined. Assuming that ten are still in operation, and that the annual output of each is equivalent to the 3,000... 

This was the first occasion when so large a value was given, based too on evidence of a reliable character for Rutherford had determined the amount of uranium and radium in the rock, calulated the annual output of alpha particles, was confident that these were helium, measured the amount of helium in the rock and by simple division found the period during which the rock had existed in a compacted form. 

Commercial plants More than 100 plants based on Stamicar-bon s C02-stripping technology are in operation. The largest singlereactor unit produces three thousand mtpd. The proven annual output of this plant exceeds one million mt. 

Canada s most productive district is in the Canadian shield at Cobalt, Ontario. Nearly 97% of the silver values in this pre-Cambrian age ore were found as great slabs of nearly pure silver. One slab was 474 kg. The huge open-pit Kidd Creek Mine has had an annual output of over 80 t of silver. 

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