INDEX cancer

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Online. Available HTTP (accessed 5 April 2003). Oncology Tools contains a variety of information related to cancer and approved cancer drug therapies. 

Two gene ratio (Theros H/l) is now tested in combination with five gene index (Theros MCI) as a combined assay called Theros breast cancer index to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk for distant metastasis. 

A protein with the innocuous name p53 is one of the most frequently cited biological molecules in the Science Citation Index. The "p" in p53 stands for protein and "53" indicates a molecular mass of 53 kDa. The p53 protein plays a fundamental role in human cell growth and mutations in this protein are frequently associated with the formation of tumors. It is estimated that of the 6.5 million people diagnosed with one or another form of cancer each year about half have p53 mutations in their tumor cells and that the vast majority of these mutations are single point mutations. 

To assess tlie overall potential for noncarcinogenic effects posed by more dian one chemical, a liazard index (HI) approach has been developed based on EPA s Guidelines for Healdi Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. This approach assumes that simultaneous subtlu eshold exposures to several chemicals could result in an adverse healtli effect. It also assumes tliat tlie magnitude of the adverse effect will be proportional to tlie sum of the ratios of the subtlireshold exposures to acceptable exposures. The non cancer hazard index is equal to tlie sum of the hazard quotients, as described below, where E and tlie RfD represent the same exposure period (e.g., subclironic, clironic, or shorter-term). 

When the total hazard index for an exposed individual or group of indii iduals exceeds unity, dicrc may be concern for potential non cancer health effects. As indicated before, for multiple exposure pathways, the hazard index can exceed unity even if no single exposure padiway hazard index exceeds unity. If the total hazard index exceeds unity and if combining exposure... 

Personal attributes such as physical inactivity and elevated body mass index (BMI) are associated with up to a twofold increase in the risk of colon cancer. Decreased bowel... 

TABLE 96-3. Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCQ Risk Index for Identifying Low-Risk Patients with Febrile Neutropenia7... 

It is clear that patients with febrile neutropenia represent a heterogeneous group. Some patients are at lower risk and potentially could be treated as outpatients, thereby avoiding the risk and cost of hospitalization. The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has validated a risk-assessment tool that assigns a risk score to patients presenting with febrile neutropenia7 (Table 96-3). Patients with a risk-index score of 21 or greater are identified as low risk and are candidates for outpatient therapy (discussed under Treatment ). 

In 1990, Vatten et al.51 in Norway subsequently reviewed data on breast cancer risk from a cohort of 14,593 women with 152 cases of breast cancer during a follow up of 12 years on subjects who were between 35 and 51 years old at the beginning of the study and between 46 and 63 years at the end. They reported no overall statistically significant correlation between breast cancer and coffee consumption, but when body mass index was taken into account, lean women who consumed >5 cups per day had a lower risk than women who drank two cups or less. In obese women, however, there was a positive correlation between coffee intake and breast cancer. In a 1993 study, though, Folsom and associates52 failed to find an association between caffeine and postmenopausal breast cancer in 34,388 women in the Iowa Women s Health Study, with a median caffeine intake of 212 mg/day in women who developed breast cancer and 201 mg/day for women who did not and in Denmark, Ewertz53 studied... 

Chronic daily intake (CDI), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk (CR) for carcinogenic effects were calculated and exposures associated with HI<1 and CRdE-6 were considered negligible. 

Fig. 14.6 Biliary indexes and severity of diarrhea in cancer patients after four different dose levels ( , , , ) of irinotecan. Statistically significant correlation of biliary index to severity of diarrhea was shown. Cdiff+, one patient found positive for C. difficile toxin.

Elias JM, Rosenberg B, Margiotta M, et al. Antigen restoration of MIB-1 immunoreactivity in breast cancer combined use of enzyme predigestion and low temperature for improved measurement of proliferation indexes. I. Histotechnol. 1999 22 103-106. 

Obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2) Endometrial cancer... 

Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003) Body mass index, serum sex hormones and breast cancer risk in post menopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1218-1226... 

Bradbury et al. (2004), however, recently reanalyzed the relation between tamoxifen and cataracts and described it as a null association, They used a nested, matched, case-control study design and data collected in the General Practice Research Database. They identified all women 30-79 years old who were diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with tamoxifen within 6 months, or with bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, or nonmelanoma skin cancer between January 1991 and December i999. From this population they identified all newly diagnosed cases of cataract and matched four female controls to each case on age, index date, and study entry data. They assessed the risk of cataracts for current, past, and sometime users of tamoxifen... 

COMPARE Program. National Cancer Institute/National Institute of Health Developmental Therapeutics Program, http //dtp.nci.nih.gov/index.html... 

Strausberg, R.L., et al., "The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project Building An Annotated Gene Index," Trends Genet., 16, 103-106 (2000). 

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