INDEX prostate cancer

An association between meat use and fatal prostate cancer is evident in Table II, although it is not statistically significant. Additional analyses (not shown on table) show a similar degree of association between use of other animal products (eggs, milk, cheese) and fatal prostate cancer. If use of all four animal products are combined into an index which reflects their combined use, a very clear relationship emerges (Table III). Thus, it appears that heavy use of all four animal products is associated with a three-fold increase in risk of fatal prostate cancer. 

Estimates from multiple logistic regression models including terms for age, study center, education, body mass index, family history of prostate cancer, and total energy intake. b Reference category. 

Pinter O, Molnar J, Toth C, et al. Administration of estramustine in response to changes in the prostate-specific antigen and Karnofsky index in the treatment of prostate cancer. In Vivo. 2005 19 ... 

Partin, A. W., Mohler, J. L. and Coffey, D. S. (1992). Cell motility as an index of metastatic ability in prostate cancers results with an animal model and with human cancer cells. In Therapy for Genitourinary Cancer (Lepor, H. and Lawson, R. K., eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 121-130. 

B22. Bodansky, O., Serum phosphohexose isomerase in cancer. III. As an index of tumor growth in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 8, 1087-1114 (1955). 

Babaian RJ, Fritsche HA, Zhang Z, et al. Evaluation of ProstAsure index in the detection of prostate cancer ... 

Mortality data are frequently used in cohort studies as opposed to incidence data because of the relative ease of obtaining information on deaths. In particular, the advent of the National Death Index has made mortality data more readily available. While all states maintain registries of incident cancer cases, many of the registries are relatively new and data quality can vary from state to state. Investigators conducting follow-up studies are required to comply with each state s requirements for use of the data. For cancers such as pancreatic cancer where survival is poor, mortality data is an excellent surrogate for the risk of the disease. For other cancers where the survival is much better, such as testicular cancer, mortality is a poor estimator of incidence. Table 15.5 describes the 5-year survival for several selected cancer sites for the period 1996-2004. As evident from the table, there is a considerable difference in survival rates for cancer of different sites. The 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer was only 5.1% compared to a survival rate of 98.9% for prostate cancer (SEER 2008). 

The cohort was assessed by questionnaire for incidence of new cases of prostate cancer from 1989 to 1994. Higher levels of selenium in toenail clippings were significantly associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. After controlling for factors such as a family history of prostate cancer, body mass index, calcium intake, lycopene intake, saturated fat intake, vasectomy, and geographical region, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.35 (95% 0=0.16-0.78, P for trend=0.03). 

Among those, DNA ploidy analysis, proliferation index (Ki-67), and p53 appear to be poised for the earliest transition into the clinical arena. Current research efforts in prostate cancer are also focused on biologic markers that can serve as a target of therapy (Fig. 16.23). 

Bubendorf L, Tapia C, Gasser TC, et al. Ki67 labeling index in core needle biopsies independently predicts tumor-specific survival in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol. 1998 29 949. 

The ProstAsure index, developed by Zhang, Stamey, and Chan, was designed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection, while maintaining a reasonable false positive detection rate. The index is derived firom several values, including age, total PSA, creatine kinase isoenzymes, and prostatic acid phosphatase, which are input... 

Stapleton AM, Zbell P, Kattan MW, et al. Assessment of the biologic markers p53, Ki-67, and apoptotic index as predictive indicators of prostate carcinoma recurrence after surgery. Cancer. 1998 82 168. 

Kent, J. R., Hill. M.. and Bischoff. A. Acid phosphatase content of prostatic exprimate from patiente with advanced prostatic carcinoma a potential prognostic aiKl therapeutic index. Cancer, 25 658-862. 1970. 

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