Female control

Rales and dyspnea were observed in pregnant rats treated by gavage with 1,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil on gestation days 6-19 (Narotsky and Kavlock 1995). Respiratory effects were not observed at 1,125 mg/kg/day. Pulmonary vasculitis was observed in 6 of 10 female rats treated with 1,000 mg/kg/day (by gavage) and 6 of 10 male rats treated with 2,000 mg/kg/day (in com oil) for 13 weeks (NTP 1990). This effect was also observed in 1 of 10 male and 1 of 10 female control rats. Histopathological examinations were not completed at the other doses in this study. Therefore, it is not possible to determine if this is a dose-related effect. 

In 1981, Lawson et al.,87 for example, compared a group of 210 women hospitalized for fibrocystic disease with 241 women who had breast cancer and were drawn from two ongoing studies in different countries. They matched each case to three female control patients on age, current smoking habits, country, and study. Recent coffee and tea consumption in cases and controls were compared and were shown to have a modest positive association with hot beverage consumption for both fibrocystic disease and breast cancer, but there was no dose-response relationship. The risk of fibrocystic disease associated with heavy consumption of hot beverages (7+ cups per day) vs. none was elevated but not statistically significant. 

A few years later in 1984, Boyle90 compared 634 women with fibrocystic disease with 1,066 female controls hospitalized for a variety of diagnostic... 

Bradbury et al. (2004), however, recently reanalyzed the relation between tamoxifen and cataracts and described it as a null association, They used a nested, matched, case-control study design and data collected in the General Practice Research Database. They identified all women 30-79 years old who were diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with tamoxifen within 6 months, or with bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, or nonmelanoma skin cancer between January 1991 and December i999. From this population they identified all newly diagnosed cases of cataract and matched four female controls to each case on age, index date, and study entry data. They assessed the risk of cataracts for current, past, and sometime users of tamoxifen... 

Grammer, K. Kruck, K. 1996. Female control and female choice. In When women want sex perspectives on female sexual initiation and aggression. (Ed. by B. Anderson C. Struckmann-Johnson) New York Guilford Press. 

Charney and co-workers in 1988 used intravenous mCPP and found no exacerbation in OCD symptoms, but noted a rise in anxiety and depression, significantly more so in the group of patients with OCD. They reported on a blunted prolactin response, but no difference regarding cortisol in female patients with OCD versus female control subjects [Charney et al. 1988). 

As part of an intermediate duration study, in which rats were exposed to 500 ppm isophorone in air, Dutertre-Catella (1976) mated exposed males with exposed females, control males with exposed females, exposed males with control females, and control males with control females after 3 months of exposure. Exposure of females continued throughout gestation, and they were allowed to deliver. No differences in pregnancy rate or litter size and no abnormalities in pups were found. The pups were not examined for internal malformations therefore, this study was inadequate to determine developmental effects of isophorone. 

Eberhard, W. G. (1996). Female Control Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. 

Groups of 30 male and 30 female B6C3F] mice were administered 4 mmol/L ethylene dibromide (purity > 99%), a dose equivalent to 116 mg/kg bw for males and 103 mg/kg bw for females) in distilled drinking-water for 450 days. A control group of 60 males and 60 females was given distilled drinking-water. Ethylene dibromide induced squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach in 26/28 males and 27/29 females and squamous-cell papilloma of the oesophagus in 3/30 females compared with none in 45 male and 50 female controls (Van Duuren et al., 1985). 

Groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344 rats were fed 0 or 2.36% acetamide in the diet for 12 months. Neoplastic nodules were seen in the liver in 0/50 and 1/47 control and treated males and in 0/49 and 3/48 control and treated females, respectively. Hepatocellular carcinomas were found in 0/50, 41/47, 0/49, 33/48 male controls, male treated, female controls and female treated rats, respectively. The incidence, speed of onset and frequency of metastases were greater in males than in females (Fleischman et al., 1980). 

Wang, Y., and C.H. Lee. 2002. Characterization of a female controlled drug delivery system for microbicides. Contraception 66 281. 

Tumors were also present in mice given diets containing 0.9-20.2 mg/kg/day triphenyltin hydroxide. After sacrifice at 80 weeks, examination of the tissue revealed an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in both sexes. These tumors were consistent with the nodular hyperplasia seen in the livers of the treated animals. As was the case with the rat study, the females appeared to be more sensitive than the males. There was decrease in survival for the females at the highest dose. Only 50% of the females receiving this dose were alive at the termination of the study as opposed to 70% of the males in the same dose group and 74% of the female control animals. 

Figure 3. Biosynthesis of alkenes by houseflies. Mature females and males treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-OH-ECD) produce 23 1 Hy whereas newly emerged females, control males and ovariectomized females produce alkenes of 27 carbons and longer.

Yoo, J. W., Dharmala, K., and Lee, C. H. (2006),The physicodynamic properties of muco-adhesive polymeric films developed as female controlled drug delivery system, Int. J. Pharm., 309,139-145. 

Changes in plasma-ChE activity in dosed and control animals are shown in Table 4. Over the course of the study, plasma-ChE activity levels in dosed and control animals appear to be more stable than RBC-AChE activity. It was reported that plasma-ChE activity was decreased by about 55% in dosed females at week 7, and by 37.5% in dosed males at week 3. Mean plasma-ChE activity in the female controls exhibited a slow increase over the 13-week test period (from 1743 lU/L at week -1 to 2891 lU/L at week 13). A similar response was seen in the two lowest dose groups of females. In males, mean plasma-ChE activity in controls was lower than preexposure levels (401 lU/L at week -1) at all weeks except week 3 (413 lU/L). In the dosed groups of males, mean plasma-ChE levels were lower than pre-exposure values at all sampling times. Statistical analysis of the plasma-ChE activity indicated that mean values were significantly lower than controls in the mid- and high-dose females at weeks -1, 1, 3, and 7 but not at week 13, and in the high-dose males at weeks 3 and 7. 

Spermicides, especially in certain communities, have important advantages over the more modern methods of contraception they are immediately reversible, are available over the counter without prescription, can be used by breastfeeding women, and are under direct female control. 

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