Carbohydrate-antigen

Schwarting G. and Crandall J. (1991). Subsets of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory cells and axons revealed by MC.Ab to carbohydrate antigens. Brain Res 547, 239-248. 

As detailed structural information is obtained from a greater diversity of parasitic nematodes it is expected that the occurrence of stage-specific carbohydrate antigens, and therefore stage-specific glycosyl transferase activities, will be identified as a common characteristic. 

A. Dessen, D. Gupta, S. Sabesan, C. F. Brewer, and J. C. Sacchettini, X-ray crystal structure of the soybean agglutinin crosslinked with a biantennary analog of the blood group I carbohydrate antigen, Biochemistry, 34 (1995) 4933 1-942. 

Smith, D.F., Zopf, D.A., and Ginsburg, V. (1978) Carbohydrate antigens Coupling of oligosacchanide phenethylamine-isothiocyanate derivatives to bovine serum albumin. In Methods in Enzymology, (V. Ginsburg, ed.), Vol. 50, pp. 169-171. Academic Press, New York. 

Hakomori, S. (1984). Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2,103-126. 

Cunto-Amesty G, Kieber-Emmons T (2000) Exploiting molecular mimicry in targeting carbohydrate antigens. In Cimningham MW, Fujinami RS (eds) Molecular mimicry, microbes, and autoimmunity, chap 13. ASM Press, Washington, DC... 

It is helpful to know the chemistry of fixatives in order to understand their action and avoid artifacts (4). Most commonly studied antigens are either proteins or carbohydrates. Many of these molecules are soluble in aqueous solutions and need to be fixed in place in cells. Insoluble antigens also need to be structurally preserved (/). All chemical fixatives will cause chemical and conformational changes in the protein structure of cells with lesser changes noted for carbohydrate antigens (5). Secondary and tertiary structures of proteins are the most important for eliciting antigenicity and chemical fixatives usually disturb these conformations (3). 

Figure 13.12 A synthetic vaccine bearing multiple carbohydrate antigens KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin.

Williams LJ, Harris CR, Glunz PW, Danishefsky SJ. In pursuit of an anticancer vaccine a monomolecular construct containing multiple carbohydrate antigens. Tetrahedron Lett 2000 41 9505-9508. 

The intended human formulation of the vaccine is administered to the animals in order to ensure exposure to all of the vaccine components, including the protein or carbohydrate antigen, adjuvant, excipients, and impurities. 

Dick Jr WE, Beurret M (1989) Glycoconjugates of bacterial carbohydrate antigens. In Cruse JM, Lewis Jr RE (eds) Contrib Microbiol Immunol. Karger, Basel, vol 10, p 48 Jennings HJ, Sood RK (1994) Synthetic giycoconjugates as human vaccines. In Lee YC, Lee RT (eds) Neoglycoconjugates preparation and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, p 325... 

Cunto-Amesty, G., T.K. Dam, P. Luo, B. Monzavi-Karbassi, C.F. Brewer, T.C. Van Cott, and T. Kieber-Emmons, Directing the immune response to carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem, 2001. 276(32) 30490-8. 

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