Canada forestry

Binder, W.D., Mitchell, G.M. Ballantyne, D.J. (1974). Pollen viability testing, storage and related physiology. Canada Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, B.C. Report BC-X-105, pp. 1-37. 

Lindstrom H, Harris P, Sorensson CT and Evans R (2004) Stiffness and wood variation in 3-year old Pinus radiata clones. Wood Science and Technology, 38 579-97 Lindstrom T (1986) The concept and measurement of fiber swelling. In Bristow AJ and Kolsseth P (eds), Paper structure and properties. Marcel Dekker, New York, 75-97 Littleford TW (1978) Flexural properties of dimension lumber from western Canada. VP-X-179. Environment Canada, Forestry Directorate and Western Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, BC... 

Boyle, T.J.B. 1992. Forest tree genetic conservation activities in Canada. Forestry Canada Information Report ST-X-4. 50 pp. 

Feller, M.C. In Proceedings of the 10th Conf on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Forestry Canada. Chalk River, Ontario, 1989. pp 126-135. 

Ernst, W.R., Pearce, P.A., and Pollock, T.L. (Eds.) (1989). Environmental Effects ofFenitrothion Use in Forestry. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region Report. 

UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, P.O. BOX 44555, FREDERICTON, NB E3B6C2 Canada... 

Faculty of Forestry Environmental Management, 28 Dineen Drive, UNB, Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2, Canada... 

Miah MG, Ahmed FU, Ahmed MM, Alam MN, Choudhury NH, Hamid MA (2002) Agroforestry in Bangladesh Potentials and opportunities. Country Paper Presented in ICRAF s South Asia Regional Agrofoiestry Consultation Workshop held on 23-25 November 2002 at New Delhi, India Miah MG, Ahmed MM (2003) Traditional agroforestry in Bangladesh Livelihood activities of the rural households. A Poster Presented at the XII World Forestry Congress, held in September 2003, Canada... 

Prentice, R. M. "Forest Lepidoptera of Canada, Recorded by the Forest Insect Survey 2" Canada Dept. Forestry Bull. 128. 

The Canadian Forestry Service through the Canada-Alberta Forest Resource Development Agreement has funded this work. 

The Crop Protection Institute represents the manufacturers, developers and distributors of plant life science solutions for agriculture, forestry and pest management in Canada. 

We thank Dr. R. H. Marchessault of Xerox Research Centre of Canada and Professor A. Sarko of State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry for their useful suggestions on analyzing x-ray fiber patterns. The sample of Streptococcus mutans was kindly given by Dr. M. Sudo of Kanonji Institute, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, to whom we are indebted. 

IPCC (2000). Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Summary for Policymakers. IPCC Special Report, Montreal, Canada, 30 pp. 

Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, Aquaculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 1600, Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A7N3, Canada. 

Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Place Vincent Massey, Hull, Quebec, Canada... 

Sundaram, K. M. S. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service Information Report CC-X-95. 1975, 22 pp. 

Chemicals have been an important means of controlling forest insect pests in Canada for the past four decades. They have been used to limit the impact of some of the most destructive forest pests, such as spruce budworms (Chovistoneuva spp.), on forest resources essential to the production of fibre and other forestry products. With growing demand for these products, pest control... 

In order to evaluate the potential hazards chemical insecticides pose to forest environments, it is essential that adequate and reliable research data be generated on their environmental chemistry (distribution, persistence, movement, metabolic degradation, toxicity, fate, etc.). This paper gives a brief account of some laboratory and field research activities carried out at the Forest Pest Management Institute, Canadian Forestry Service to meet this requirement. Using two chemical insecticides which are extensively used now in forest insect control programs in Canada Viz aminocarb [Trade name, Matacil 4-dimethylamino-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate] and fenitrothion [0,0-dimethyl 0-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate], studies conducted at the Institute to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of forestry insecticides in general will be discussed. 

Bioaccumulatlon of some pesticides (fenitrothion, aminocarb, permethrin) with real or potential application in forestry in Canada has been examined in laboratory experiments using larval rainbow trout and common duckweed. Bioaccumulation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, fluorene, has also been examined since some commercial formulations employ hydrocarbon solvents. Laboratory exposures of fish or plants were carried out by placing the organisms in dilute aqueous solutions of C labelled pesticide or hydrocarbon, and by measuring transfer of radioactivity from water to fish or plants. After transfer of fish or plants to untreated water, loss of radioactivity was measured similarly. These measures allowed calculation of uptake and depuration rate constants which were used to predict residue accumulations under various exposure conditions. Predicted residue accumulations agreed substantially with other predictive equations in the literature and with reported field observations. 

Chlorpyrifos-methyl. Two applications six days apart of 0.007 kg chlorpyrifos-raethyl/ha to a forest block had no noticeable effect on breeding songbird populations and induced only limited drift increases of aquatic invertebrates without significantly altering benthos populations or native fish diets (32). Applications of 0.72-0.86 kg chlorpyrifos-methyl/ha to streams caused severe disturbances of aquatic invertebrates and substantial depressions of benthos populations for several months (33). Diets of native fish were significantly altered due to effects on fish food organisms. Some mortality of crayfish and minnows was observed, but no brook trout mortality occurred. Chlorpyrifos-methyl has not been developed for forestry use in Canada. 

Azamethiphos. Azamethiphos applied to a forest block at 0.07 kg/ ha twice over a six day period had no noticeable effect on breeding songbird populations and little impact on aquatic organisms aside from inducing large increases in the drift of one family of caddisfly larvae (34). Azamethiphos has not been developed for forestry use in Canada. 

Aminocarb. Next to fenitrothion, aminocarb has been the insecticide used most extensively in forestry in Canada over the past decade. Application rates of up to 0.175 kg/ha have been found to have little or no impact on forest songbird populations or small mammal breeding activity, but do cause considerable knockdown of terrestrial arthropods, particularly at higher application rates (35, 36). Short-lived but fairly extensive honeybee mortality has been documented when aminocarb has been applied while active foraging was underway, but the overall colony vigor was not seriously effected (37 ). Aminocarb does not appear to cause bumble bee mortality at operational application rates, but does affect solitary bees ( 18). 

Aminocarb has very little impact on aquatic organisms at application rates up to 0.175 kg/ha aside from occasionally inducing very modest increases in the drift of aquatic invertebrates (10, 38). Although extensive operational spraying with aminocarb has not been accompanied by any reports of fish mortality, laboratory studies have shown nonyl phenol, a solvent present in some commercial aminocarb formulations, substantially increases the toxicity of aminocarb to fish (J38). Recent introduction of commercial aminocarb formulations without nonyl phenol for forestry use in Canada has greatly increased the margin of safety towards fish. 

In light of its demonstrated high hazard towards aquatic ecosystems, permethrin will not be developed for widescale use in forestry situations in Canada, but may be utilized in selected situations such as plantation pest control where introduction of the insecticide into productive waters can be avoided. 

Forest Products Biotechnology, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4,... 

Faculty of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, University of Toronto, 203 College St., Toronto, M5S 1A1 Canada... 

This research was funded by National Research Council Canada and the Canadian Forestry Service. Portions of the study were in cooperation with the University of Missouri. 

The potential applications of Jerusalem artichoke are continuing to increase as technologies advance. Meanwhile, global climate change will alter agricultural landscapes during the 21st century. The area of land suitable for Jerusalem artichoke production will massively increase in Canada, Alaska, and northern Europe (from Scotland to Siberia), by 2070 (Canadian Forestry Service, 2006 Tuck et al., 2006). 

Support of this project by the Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada under Contract 1SS80-00066, is gratefully acknowledged. 

R. M. Rowell, G. R. Esenther, J. A. Youngquist, D. D. Nicholas, T. Nilsson, Y. Imamura, W. Kemer-Gang, L. Trong, andG. Deon, v Proceedings WFRO Wood Protection Subject Group, Honey Harbor, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, (1988), pp. 238-266. 

Malhotra S.S. and Blauel R.A., Diagnosis of air pollutant and natural stress symptoms on forest vegetation in Western Canada. Information Report NOR-x-228. Northern Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 84 p. (1980). 

Short Rotation Forestry has relative good potential to be used in non arable land and provides a sustainable approach to energy (22), however, since the land has to be blocked for about 15-20 years, fanners in the EU are reluctant to implement SRF schemes. The only exceptions are Sweden, where there is a long tradition for SRF mostly for pulp and paper and the UK where recently successful schemes have been introduced to the farming community (23). The USA (24) has also an ambitious programme for the development of SRF while Canada also has carried out significant work and is examining various SRF implementation schemes. Brazil has successfully established eucalyptus plantations (23). On the other hand, very few tests have been carried out with SRF feedstocks and the industry is a somewhat uncertain about the properties of SRF fuels. A sensitive area is that of heavy metals some of which are easily up taken by the plants (e.g. cadmium). 

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