Camera-vision systems

Spectra film was introduced as part of a new camera—film system featuring a rectangular picture format (approximately 7.3 x 9 cm). Both the film and the camera models are designated Spectra. 600 Plus film (1988), which has superseded 600 film, provides the Spectra film stmcture and chemistry in the square format of the eadier SX-70 and 600 films (approximately 8x8 cm), and is used in the cameras that originally utilized 600 film. Vision 95 integral film, introduced in Europe in 1992, also utilizes the Spectra film stmcture and chemistry but in a smaller format providing a 4 x 3 aspect ratio (approximately 7.3 x 5.5 cm). 

For a tank suspected of having substantial deposits at the bottom, a fiber-optic camera can be inserted in the tank to provide a view and positive confirmation of the tank bottom condition. These camera and light vision systems are sanitary equipment able to provide a computational real-time visual inspection of the inside tank under process conditions or pressure vessel. In addition, they are used to control several parameters during the manufacturing process, such as product level and thickness, solids level, uniformity of suspensions, foam, and interface and/or cake detection [31]. 

Danfoss QueCheck Vision System performs a continuous analysis directly from the production line, typically at 0.5 s intervals. The final results of the measurement are available after 100-300 frames so that an equivalent sieve analysis is completed every 3 min. The particle size distribution is documented via an interface with database and printer. The material is fed in a fine stream, by means of a vibratory feeder, past a vision camera that calculates the size distribution as it falls. The system has been applied to measuring the size distribution of sugar crystals. Online image processing has also been applied to monitoring granule size distribution and shape in fluidized bed granulation [150]. 

Although technically and economically feasible artificial vision systems have been developed for the food industry, based on classic RGB video cameras, the... 

Night-vision systems have already been introduced in very low volumes in some upscale automobiles. Their function is based on either infrared-sensitive array detectors or a CMOS camera combined with active near-infrared illumination of the scene. The night vision approach further completes the idea of a sensitive car . 

Fig. 7.8.2 shows the basic components of a camera system, and the signal flow. A vision system or optical measurement system consists of the elements illustrated in the figure. A lens collects radiation from a source, such as a light bulb or an illuminated object. A sensor converts the collected radiation into an electronic charge, which can be preprocessed by electronics. The preprocessed information is con-... 

Dimatix recently introduced a table-top printer with a 16-nozzle print-head and a 20 cm X 30 cm X 5 cm XYZ stage. A vision system allows for observation and set up of the drop-formation process. An optional fiducial camera allows matching drop placement to previously patterned substrate [43]. 

Most industrial applications with vision sensors can be divided into the following four types dimensional inspection, surface quality inspection, assembly inspection, and operation inspection. In the assembly line, vision sensors are widely used in robots as the machine vision to help them recognize the positions/orientations of objects to be handled or assembled, to determine the presence or absence of parts, and to detect parts which do not meet required specifications. Zhu et al. (2013) and Chadda et al. (2011) built vision systems using low-cost cameras such as Wii Remotes and Firefly MV cameras to track the object or human motion in an assembly line. Object motion data was used to generate assembly simulation for training, and human motion data was used to do ergonomic analysis to help design a better assembly cell. 

Most machine vision systems rely on data captured by hardware with fixed characteristics. These systems include passive sensing systems—such as video cameras—and active sensing systems—such as laser range finders. In an active vision system, the parameters and characteristics of data capture are dynamically controlled by the scene interpretation system. Active vision systems may employ either active or passive sensors. In an active vision system, however, the state parameters of the sensors, such as focus, aperature, vergence, and dlumination, are controlled to acquire data that will faciKtate scene interpretation. 

According to United Nations Regulation No. 46 (UN R.46), vehicles must be equipped with systems providing indirect vision [1]. This indirect vision is achieved by using conventional mirrors attached to the vehicle. Based on the new international standard ISO 16505 2015 Road vehicles— Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera Monitor Systems—Requirements and test procedures , the technical requirements are oudined for the replacement of such mandatory mirrors by camera monitor systems [2]. 

Against the backdrop of recent technical developments in modem driver assistance systems, a variety of camera-based systems have been introduced in series production vehicles. The realized functions range from simple rear-view cameras to advanced 360° surround view systems and even night-vision assistance systems including object recognition and sensor fusion. As a mle, such systems offered in series production vehicles are considered to be comfort or assistance systems and cannot be considered as mandatory vehicle systems. ISO 16505 2015, however, focuses on camera monitor systems which are intended to replace systems that are mandatory under current law. 

Conventional mirrors also sometimes distract drivers on account of glare from the sun or vehicles behind the car. Glare can be significantly reduced with a CMS. Another benefit is the improved vision during night and rain compared to a conventional mirror (see chapter Camera-Monitor Systems as a Replacement for Exterior Mirrors in Cars and Trucks of this book). 

Camera Monitor System" Systems for Indirect Vision"... 

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