Design spectra

Spectra film was introduced as part of a new camera—film system featuring a rectangular picture format (approximately 7.3 x 9 cm). Both the film and the camera models are designated Spectra. 600 Plus film (1988), which has superseded 600 film, provides the Spectra film stmcture and chemistry in the square format of the eadier SX-70 and 600 films (approximately 8x8 cm), and is used in the cameras that originally utilized 600 film. Vision 95 integral film, introduced in Europe in 1992, also utilizes the Spectra film stmcture and chemistry but in a smaller format providing a 4 x 3 aspect ratio (approximately 7.3 x 5.5 cm). 

Figure 16. Normalized site specific response spectra compatible to IS 1893- 2002 design spectra...

Source User - IS 1893-2002 Design spectra Type 1 Soil)... 

The site specific elastic design spectra was developed compatible to Indian standard IS 1893 -2002 design spectra (Type 1 soil) by RRS analysis and it indicates that the spectral ratio (Sa/g) at the short and mid period ranges up to about 0.6s is 20% higher than the IS spectral ratio values. 

Fig. 4.1 Elastic response spectra of ground motions and design spectra in TERDC-2007 (top) Tripartite elastic response spectra of the earthquake ensemble (bottom)...

The seismic input used to quaUfy the candidate item should envelop the design spectra for that item and the seismic input used for the reference item it should also equal or exceed those required for the candidate item. Proper similitude relationships should be considered in input to scale models. The physical and support conditions, the functional characteristics for active items and the requirements for the candidate item should closely resemble those for the reference item. 

The N2 procedure transforms the response of the MDOF system into the response of an equivalent SDOF system, with force-displacement curve F —D, with F = Vb/r, D =D/r and F = ( MR)/( M ). This is necessary in order to compare the building capacity curve of Figure 1 with the demand, expressed in the design codes by the design spectra, which refer to SDOF systems Fajfar (1999, 2002). 

McGuire, R. K. Seismic Design Spectra and Mapping Procedures Using Risk Analysis Based Directly on Oscillator Response. Branch of Seismicity and Risk Analysis, USGS, Denver, CO, 1975. 

C.R. Flach, J.W. Brauner, J.W. Taylor, R.C. Baldwin, and R. Mendelsohn. External reflection FTIR of peptide monolayer films in situ at the air/water interface Experimental design, spectra-structure correlations and effects of hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Biophys. J., 67 (1994) 402-410. 

Mahin SA, Bertero VVB (1981) An evaluation of inelastic seismic design spectra. J Struct Div ASCE 107(9) 1777-1795... 

Vidig T, Fajfar P, Fischinger M (1994) Consistent inelastic design spectra strength and displacement. Earthq Eng Stmct Dyn 23(5) 507-521... 

Gulerce Z, Abrahamson NA (2011) Site-specific design spectra for vertical ground motion. Earthq Spectra 27(4) 1023-1047... 

Earthquake Response Spectra and Design Spectra, Fig. 1 A typical response spectrum plot... 

Earthquake Response Spectra and Design Spectra, Fig. 4 Tripartite response spectra plot of the 1940 El Centro (comp. NS) record (After Anagnostopoulos (1997))... 

Seed et al. (1976) studied the effect of soil conditions based on a number of strong-motion records for various soil profiles, i.e., soft to medium clays and sands, deep cohesionless soils, and stiff soils and rock. The final recommendation of these studies, in the form of a set of smooth, normalized design spectra curves, for 5 % damping, is shown in Fig. 6. 

Smooth design spectra, such as those of Newmark et al. (1973), Newmark and Hall (1982), Seed et al. (1976), and Mohraz (1976), provide the basis for most of the design codes in use today, e.g., ATC-3 (1978), UBC (1994), and EC-8 (2004). In particular, the European Standard EC-8 defines the elastic acceleration design spectrum by the following set of explicit formulae ... 

---