Camel fibers

Camel fibers from the same fleece can exhibit both bilateral and random cell arrangements. Similar observations have been made for yak fibers, which tend to consist mainly of ortho- and mesolike cells [296]. Vicuna and guanaco exhibit bilateral structure, whereas llama and alpaca do not [296]. 

Characteristics Alpaca/ Llama Vikunja/ Guanaco Camel Fiber Material Angora Mohair Cashmere Cash- gora Yak... 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Vicunas are smaller than llamas, and adults weigh only about 100 pounds. Hairs from this animal are the finest or thinnest known, about 1/2000 inches in diameter. Like other camel relatives, the vicuna has a layered coat. The innermost hairs are extremely soft, elastic, and have a strongly cohesive outer surface. This last property makes these fibers resistant to dyes, stains, and water. As these animals are small, and their hair so fine, it takes fleece from about forty vicuna to make one coat. 

Camel hair is only taken from the Bactrian or two-humped camel, and never from the Dromedary, or one-humped camel. Bactrians are native to southern China and Russia, through Mongolia, Tibet, and parts of the Middle East. Camel hair comes in three quality levels. The best is called noil, and it consists of the soft, downy short hair closest to the hide. The second type is the intermediate growth that covers most of the body. It is this fiber that is used for making most camel hair fabric. The third type is the outer, coarse hairs that are tough and wiry. These fibers are from 4 to 10 inches long, are used to make coarse fabric, twine, and rope. Camels naturally shed their hair in clumps, and are not shorn like sheep. 

Camell LS et al (2009) Electric field effects on fiber alignment using an auxiliary electrode during electrospirming. Scr Mater 60(6) 359-361... 

Textile definitions most generally accepted for reference in the United States are those standardized by the American Society for Testing Materials and published in ASTM Standards on Textile Materials (W, 25). The Federal Trade Commission has also established definitions for use in enforcing its Trade Practice Rulings 20). These may differ from the ASTM definitions—for example, the ASTM restricts its definition of wool to the fiber from the fleece of the sheep, whereas the Federal Trade Commission defines it as the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna). ... 

Leeder [16] has shown that the composition of the cell membrane complex (see Section 5.2.5), of which the lipid fraction is one component, has a dramatic influence on fiber and fabric properties. The composition of the internal lipid fractions of a number of specialty animal fibers has been the subject of detailed study [309,310]. Wool, cashmere, cashgora, and mohair contain free cholesterol and desmosterol in the ratio of 1.7-2.6 1 [309]. By comparison, llama, camel, and alpaca fibers contain virtually no free cholesterol or desmosterol. The results for yak vary widely [309,310]. Rabbit and dog hairs have distinctive sterol compositions, which are unlike each other and different from that of wool and goat fibers. 

Logan et al. [309] analyzed the free fatty acid composition of wool, mohair, cashgora, rabbit, yak, camel, alpaca, and dog hair and found that palmitic, stearic, and oleic adds accounted for 77-96% of the free fatty acids present. Korner [310] determined the total fatty acid composition for cashmere and yak fibers after saponification and found that the three fatty acids accounted for 50-60% of the fatty acids present. In addition, many fatty acids in the range C7-C26 were present in small amounts. These results confirm that some of the fatty acids are present as esters. When wool, cashmere, and cashgora, from which the surface grease has been removed, are digested with alkali, high yields (16-18%) of 18-methyleicosanoic acid are obtained [309,311]. This fatty acid is covalently bound to the surface of the fibers (see Section 5.2.2). 

The fine structure of the specialty animal fibers, particularly that of cashmere, cashgora, llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuna, yak, and camel, has received little attention compared to that given to wool. Prior to the late 1980s, most of the examinations were on longitudinal and transverse fiber sections and used optical microscopy [312-314]. The more recent work arose from the need to differentiate one animal fiber from another [315]. As a result, SEM procedures have been developed. These require the measurement of scale heights [316,317] and can suffer from problems of interpretation due to false scale edges and ill-defined scales. 

Early studies on the fine structure of specialty animal fibers involved differential staining using dyestuffs or heavy metals, and subsequent observations were made using light microscopy. By means of these techniques, vicuna fiber was shown to have a bilateral structure [318], and mohair fiber, predominantly ortho- with some paralike material [319] (see Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3). Bilateral structures are also observed when wool, cashmere, camel, and alpaca (but not mohair) are treated with sodium hydroxide and examined by means of polarized light [297]. 

Flaving determined that a fiber is either of animal or vegetable origin, examination imder a 10-20 x microscope is often sufficient to identify it. If, for example, one has an animal fibeq comparison of the specimen with a known, previously moimted standard allows one to readily differentiate the various fur and hair fibers. Wool is easily distinguished from camel hair or rabbit fur by the types of scales and size of medulla. Further comparison with samples taken from different breeds of sheep will yield a more exact... 

All presently used vegetable fibers are cellulosic (cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, sisal), and all presently used animal fibers are proteins (wool, natural silk, camel hair). Asbestos is a mineral fiber. 

Animal fibers n. Fibers of animal origin such as wool, alpaca, camel hair, and silk. 

Categories of diamonds in the United States include couture clothing and accessories, Americana items such as Harley Davidson and Levi s, uniforms such as those worn by Boy Scouts, certain branded items, trendy vintage clothes, luxury fibers (e.g. cashmere and camel hair), couture clothing, and antique items. Many of the customers for diamonds are well-known designers or wealthy individuals. Ralph Lauren and Donna Karan both have vintage collections. Other diamond customers include vintage shop owners who sell their diamonds in retail boutiques or on the Internet. 

Textiles from animals are commonly made from their hair or fur. in most cases, these fibers are non-scaled and non-coated with natural oils. On the other hand, wools, which refer to the hairs of goats and sheep, are scaled structures with a wax-like coating also known as lanolin which is hydrophobic and dirt-repellent. Further, woolen yarns are bulky and formed from non-parallel, carded fibers, whereas worsted yarns are finer and are spun from long, combed (parallel) fibers. Other animals producing wools include alpaca, llamas, angora rabbits, camels, and silkworms. 

Kenaf (EDV) see also Kf Carbon fiber reinforced plastie (DIN) Kenaf (DIN) see also KE Potassium fatty acid soap Camel hair (DIN)... 

Wool is a protein fiber that is obtained from the fleece of - sheep. Aside from normal domestic sheep, there are other varieties, such as merino. The term w. covers also the hair of lamas (alpaca), camels, rabbits (angora) and goats (mohair, cashmere). Chemically, wool is a - protein, based on keratin, and consists of 24 different - amino acids. Most important is the content of S-containing amino acids (cystine), which are responsible for the disulfide cross-linking. 

Camell LS, Siochi EJ, Holloway NM, Stephens RM, Rhim C, Niklason LE, Clark RL (2008) Aligned mats from electrospun single fibers. Macromolecules 41 5345-5349... 

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